Exhibit



	Years ended December 31,
In millions	2017			2016		2015		2014		2013
Earnings
Income before income taxes ⁽¹⁾	$	2,365		$	1,930	$	2,025	$	2,434	$	2,119
Add
Fixed charges	160			148		140		138		112
Amortization of capitalized interest	1			2		2		1		1
Distributed income of equity investees	219			212		248		228		271
Less
Equity in earnings of investees	308			260		273		330		325
Capitalized interest	4			6		3		7		7
Noncontrolling interest in pre-tax income of subsidiaries that have not incurred fixed charges	(3		)	—		—		—		—
Earnings before fixed charges	$	2,436		$	2,026	$	2,139	$	2,464	$	2,171

Fixed charges
Interest expense ⁽²⁾	$	81		$	69	$	65	$	64	$	41
Capitalized interest	4			6		3		7		7
Amortization of debt discount and deferred costs	3			3		3		3		2
Interest portion of rental expense ⁽³⁾	72			70		69		64		62
Total fixed charges	$	160		$	148	$	140	$	138	$	112

Ratio of earnings to fixed charges ⁽⁴⁾	15.2			13.7		15.3		17.9		19.4

⁽¹⁾ For the year ended December 31, 2016, income before income taxes included a $138 million charge related to a loss contingency. For the year ended December 31, 2015, income before income taxes included a $211 million charge related to impairment of light-duty diesel assets, $90 million of restructuring actions and other charges and a $60 million charge related to a loss contingency.

⁽²⁾ The interest amount in the table above does not include interest expense associated with uncertain tax positions. In 2015, we adopted new rules related to balance sheet debt issuance costs, which resulted in the reclassification of our December 31, 2014, debt balance, reducing our long-term debt by $12 million. In September 2013, we issued $1 billion of senior unsecured debt.