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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2018

Commission File Number 1-4949

CUMMINS INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Indiana (State of Incorporation)		35-0257090 (IRS Employer Identification No.)

500 Jackson Street

Box 3005

Columbus, Indiana 47202-3005

(Address of principal executive offices)

Telephone (812) 377-5000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):



Large accelerated filer x	Accelerated filer o	Non-accelerated filer o
Smaller reporting company o	Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

As of September 30, 2018, there were 160,561,303 shares of common stock outstanding with a par value of $2.50 per share.

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CUMMINS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

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QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q



		Page
	PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and October 1, 2017	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and October 1, 2017	4
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and October 1, 2017	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and October 1, 2017	7
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	8
ITEM 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	31
ITEM 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	56
ITEM 4.	Controls and Procedures	56
	PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1.	Legal Proceedings	57
ITEM 1A.	Risk Factors	57
ITEM 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	57
ITEM 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	58
ITEM 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	58
ITEM 5.	Other Information	58
ITEM 6.	Exhibits	58
	Signatures	59

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

CUMMINS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(Unaudited)



	Three months ended					Nine months ended
In millions, except per share amounts	September 30, 2018			October 1, 2017		September 30, 2018		October 1, 2017
NET SALES ^(a)(Note 3)	$	5,943		$	5,285	$	17,645	$	14,952
Cost of sales	4,392			3,944		13,454		11,228
GROSS MARGIN	1,551			1,341		4,191		3,724
OPERATING EXPENSES AND INCOME
Selling, general and administrative expenses	604			633		1,794		1,786
Research, development and engineering expenses	229			213		658		546
Equity, royalty and interest income from investees (Note 5)	90			95		315		301
Other operating income (expense), net	(5		)	32		1		55
OPERATING INCOME	803			622		2,055		1,748
Interest income	9			4		26		11
Interest expense	30			18		82		57
Other income, net	23			14		44		67
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES	805			622		2,043		1,769
Income tax expense (Note 6)	107			165		466		466
CONSOLIDATED NET INCOME	698			457		1,577		1,303
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	6			4		15		30
NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO CUMMINS INC.	$	692		$	453	$	1,562	$	1,273

EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO CUMMINS INC.
Basic	$	4.29		$	2.72	$	9.57	$	7.62
Diluted	$	4.28		$	2.71	$	9.53	$	7.60

WEIGHTED AVERAGE COMMON SHARES OUTSTANDING
Basic	161.3			166.3		163.3		167.0
Dilutive effect of stock compensation awards	0.5			0.7		0.6		0.6
Diluted	161.8			167.0		163.9		167.6

CASH DIVIDENDS DECLARED PER COMMON SHARE	$	1.14		$	1.08	$	3.30	$	3.13

____________________________________

^(a)Includes sales to nonconsolidated equity investees of $314 million and $951 million and $285 million and $835 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and October 1, 2017, respectively.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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CUMMINS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited)



	Three months ended						Nine months ended
In millions	September 30, 2018			October 1, 2017			September 30, 2018			October 1, 2017
CONSOLIDATED NET INCOME	$	698		$	457		$	1,577		$	1,303
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (Note 13)
Change in pension and other postretirement defined benefit plans	13			16			34			52
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(159		)	94			(374		)	276
Unrealized gain on marketable securities	—			—			—			1
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives	(3		)	(1		)	4			—
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(149		)	109			(336		)	329
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	549			566			1,241			1,632
Less: Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(11		)	2			(25		)	42
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO CUMMINS INC.	$	560		$	564		$	1,266		$	1,590

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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CUMMINS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited)

In millions, except par value	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,222		$	1,369
Marketable securities (Note 7)	185			198
Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities	1,407			1,567
Accounts and notes receivable, net
Trade and other	3,670			3,311
Nonconsolidated equity investees	259			307
Inventories (Note 8)	3,831			3,166
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	696			577
Total current assets	9,863			8,928
Long-term assets
Property, plant and equipment	8,079			8,058
Accumulated depreciation	(4,209		)	(4,131		)
Property, plant and equipment, net	3,870			3,927
Investments and advances related to equity method investees	1,255			1,156
Goodwill	1,110			1,082
Other intangible assets, net	950			973
Pension assets	1,022			1,043
Other assets	922			966
Total assets	$	18,992		$	18,075

LIABILITIES
Current liabilities
Accounts payable (principally trade)	$	2,980		$	2,579
Loans payable (Note 9)	61			57
Commercial paper (Note 9)	800			298
Accrued compensation, benefits and retirement costs	576			811
Current portion of accrued product warranty (Note 10)	624			454
Current portion of deferred revenue (Notes 3 & 10)	500			500
Other accrued expenses (Note 11)	834			915
Current maturities of long-term debt (Note 9)	41			63
Total current liabilities	6,416			5,677
Long-term liabilities
Long-term debt (Note 9)	1,563			1,588
Postretirement benefits other than pensions	281			289
Pensions	331			330
Other liabilities and deferred revenue (Notes 3, 10 & 11)	2,341			2,027
Total liabilities	$	10,932		$	9,911

Commitments and contingencies (Note 12)

EQUITY
Cummins Inc. shareholders’ equity
Common stock, $2.50 par value, 500 shares authorized, 222.4 and 222.4 shares issued	$	2,151		$	2,210
Retained earnings	12,519			11,464
Treasury stock, at cost, 61.9 and 56.7 shares	(5,674		)	(4,905		)
Common stock held by employee benefits trust, at cost, 0.5 and 0.5 shares	(6		)	(7		)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (Note 13)	(1,799		)	(1,503		)
Total Cummins Inc. shareholders’ equity	7,191			7,259
Noncontrolling interests	869			905
Total equity	$	8,060		$	8,164
Total liabilities and equity	$	18,992		$	18,075

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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CUMMINS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)

	Nine months ended
In millions	September 30, 2018			October 1, 2017
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Consolidated net income	$	1,577		$	1,303
Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation and amortization	456			433
Deferred income taxes	(167		)	26
Equity in income of investees, net of dividends	(156		)	(166		)
Pension contributions under (in excess of) expense, net (Note 4)	36			(63		)
Other post retirement benefits payments in excess of expense, net (Note 4)	(8		)	(4		)
Stock-based compensation expense	38			34
Loss contingency payments	(65		)	—
Translation and hedging activities	(27		)	61
Changes in current assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions
Accounts and notes receivable	(429		)	(722		)
Inventories	(773		)	(401		)
Other current assets	(100		)	(28		)
Accounts payable	467			567
Accrued expenses	341			369
Changes in other liabilities and deferred revenue	118			177
Other, net	80			(115		)
Net cash provided by operating activities	1,388			1,471

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Capital expenditures	(361		)	(282		)
Investments in internal use software	(55		)	(59		)
Proceeds from disposals of property, plant and equipment	14			104
Investments in and advances to equity investees	(9		)	(71		)
Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired (Note 14)	(70		)	(600		)
Investments in marketable securities—acquisitions (Note 7)	(316		)	(106		)
Investments in marketable securities—liquidations (Note 7)	298			218
Cash flows from derivatives not designated as hedges	(56		)	9
Other, net	36			1
Net cash used in investing activities	(519		)	(786		)

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Net borrowings of commercial paper (Note 9)	502			302
Payments on borrowings and capital lease obligations	(54		)	(38		)
Net borrowings under short-term credit agreements	9			19
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	(30		)	(29		)
Dividend payments on common stock	(537		)	(522		)
Repurchases of common stock (Note 2)	(879		)	(391		)
Other, net	29			59
Net cash used in financing activities	(960		)	(600		)
EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	(56		)	85
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	(147		)	170
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	1,369			1,120
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD	$	1,222		$	1,290

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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CUMMINS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

(Unaudited)



In millions	Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Treasury Stock			Common Stock Held in Trust			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Total Cummins Inc. Shareholders’ Equity			Noncontrolling Interests			Total Equity
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2016	$	556	$	1,597		$	11,040		$	(4,489	)	$	(8	)	$	(1,821	)	$	6,875		$	299		$	7,174
Net income						1,273												1,273			30			1,303
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (Note 13)															317			317			12			329
Issuance of common stock			5															5			—			5
Employee benefits trust activity			14									1						15			—			15
Repurchases of common stock									(391		)							(391		)	—			(391		)
Cash dividends on common stock						(522		)										(522		)	—			(522		)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests																		—			(29		)	(29		)
Stock based awards			2						31									33			—			33
Acquisition of business																		—			600			600
Other shareholder transactions			24															24			20			44
BALANCE AT OCTOBER 1, 2017	$	556	$	1,642		$	11,791		$	(4,849	)	$	(7	)	$	(1,504	)	$	7,629		$	932		$	8,561

BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2017	$	556	$	1,654		$	11,464		$	(4,905	)	$	(7	)	$	(1,503	)	$	7,259		$	905		$	8,164
Impact of adopting accounting standards (Notes 3 & 16)						30												30			—			30
Net income						1,562												1,562			15			1,577
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (Note 13)															(296		)	(296		)	(40		)	(336		)
Issuance of common stock			10															10			—			10
Employee benefits trust activity			10									1						11			—			11
Repurchases of common stock			(100		)				(779		)							(879		)	—			(879		)
Cash dividends on common stock						(537		)										(537		)	—			(537		)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests																		—			(30		)	(30		)
Stock based awards			(3		)				10									7			—			7
Other shareholder transactions			24															24			19			43
BALANCE AT SEPTEMBER 30, 2018	$	556	$	1,595		$	12,519		$	(5,674	)	$	(6	)	$	(1,799	)	$	7,191		$	869		$	8,060

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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CUMMINS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

NOTE 1. NATURE OF OPERATIONS

Cummins Inc. (“Cummins,” “we,” “our” or “us”) was founded in 1919 as Cummins Engine Company, a corporation in Columbus, Indiana, and one of the first diesel engine manufacturers. In 2001, we changed our name to Cummins Inc. We are a global power leader that designs, manufactures, distributes and services diesel and natural gas engines and engine-related component products, including filtration, aftertreatment, turbochargers, fuel systems, controls systems, air handling systems, transmissions, electric power generation systems, batteries and electrified power systems. We sell our products to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), distributors and other customers worldwide. We serve our customers through a network of approximately 500 wholly-owned and independent distributor locations and over 7,500 dealer locations in more than 190 countries and territories.

NOTE 2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Interim Condensed Financial Statements

The unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements reflect all adjustments which, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair statement of the results of operations, financial position and cash flows. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP) pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for interim financial information. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted as permitted by such rules and regulations.

These interim condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. Our interim period financial results for the three and nine month periods presented are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for any other interim period or for the entire year. The year-end Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet data was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts for prior year periods have been reclassified to conform to the presentation of the current year.

Use of Estimates in Preparation of Financial Statements

Preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts presented and disclosed in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Significant estimates and assumptions in these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements require the exercise of judgment and are used for, but not limited to, allowance for doubtful accounts, estimates of future cash flows and other assumptions associated with goodwill and long-lived asset impairment tests, useful lives for depreciation and amortization, warranty programs, determination of discount rate and other assumptions for pension and other postretirement benefit costs, income taxes and deferred tax valuation allowances, lease classification and contingencies. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results reported in future periods may be different from these estimates.

Reporting Period

Our reporting period usually ends on the Sunday closest to the last day of the quarterly calendar period. The third quarters of 2018 and 2017 ended on September 30 and October 1, respectively. Our fiscal year ends on December 31, regardless of the day of the week on which December 31 falls.

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Weighted-Average Diluted Shares Outstanding

The weighted-average diluted common shares outstanding excludes the anti-dilutive effect of certain stock options since such options had an exercise price in excess of the monthly average market value of our common stock. The options excluded from diluted earnings per share were as follows:



	Three months ended		Nine months ended
	September 30, 2018	October 1, 2017	September 30, 2018	October 1, 2017
Options excluded	1,481,750	3,728	799,337	42,139

Accelerated Share Repurchase Agreement

On August 8, 2018, we entered into an accelerated share repurchase (ASR) agreement with Goldman, Sachs & Co. LLC to repurchase $500 million of our common stock under our previously announced share repurchase plan. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, we paid the full $500 million purchase price and received 2.8 million shares at a price of $143.58 per share (based on the final valuation of the ASR which closed on October 17, 2018), representing approximately 80 percent of the shares expected to be repurchased. The unsettled portion of the ASR met the criteria to be accounted for as a forward contract indexed to our stock and qualified as an equity transaction which resulted in a $100 million reduction to additional paid-in capital during the quarter. The delivery of shares received during the third quarter of 2018 resulted in a reduction to our common stock outstanding used to calculate earnings per share. We completed the ASR on October 17, 2018 and received 0.7 million additional shares at a weighted average price of $145.81 based on our volume-weighted average stock price during the term of the transaction, less a discount, for a total of 3.5 million shares purchased at an average price of $144.02 per share. We recorded the receipt of the additional shares in the fourth quarter of 2018.

NOTE 3. REVENUE RECOGNITION

Revenue Recognition Accounting Pronouncement Adoption

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) amended its standards related to revenue recognition to replace all existing revenue recognition guidance and provide a single, comprehensive model for all contracts with customers. The revised standard contains principles to determine the measurement of revenue and timing of when it is recognized. The underlying principle is that we recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance provides a five-step analysis of transactions to determine when and how revenue is recognized. Other major provisions include capitalization of certain contract costs, consideration of the time value of money in the transaction price and allowing estimation of variable consideration to be recognized before contingencies are resolved in certain circumstances. The amendment also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in those judgments as well as assets recognized from costs incurred to fulfill these contracts.

The standard allowed for either full or modified retrospective adoption effective for annual and interim periods beginning January 1, 2018 and we adopted using the modified retrospective approach. We elected to apply this guidance retrospectively only to contracts that were not completed at January 1, 2018.

We identified a change in the manner in which we account for certain license income. We license certain technology to our unconsolidated joint ventures that meets the definition of functional under the standard, which requires that revenue be recognized at a point in time rather than the previous requirement of recognizing it over the license term. Using the modified retrospective adoption method, we recorded an adjustment to our opening equity balance at January 1, 2018, to account for the differences between existing license income recorded and what would have been recorded under the new standard for contracts for which we started recognizing revenue prior to the adoption date. There was not a material impact on any individual year from this change.

We also identified transactions where revenue recognition was historically limited to the amount of billings not contingent on our future performance. With the allocation provisions of the new model, we accelerated the timing of revenue recognition for amounts related to satisfied performance obligations that would be delayed under the historical guidance. The impact of this change was not material.

On an ongoing basis, this amendment is not expected to have a material impact on our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, including our internal controls over financial reporting, but resulted in expanded disclosures in the Notes to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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We recorded a net increase to opening retained earnings of $28 million, net of tax, as of January 1, 2018, due to the cumulative impact of adopting the new revenue standard, with the impact primarily related to our technology licenses that now qualify for point in time recognition rather than over time. The impact to any individual financial statement line item as a result of applying the new standard, as compared to the old standard, was not material for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Revenue Recognition Policies

Revenue Recognition Sales of Products

We sell to customers either through long-term arrangements or standalone purchase orders. Our long-term arrangements generally do not include committed volumes until underlying purchase orders are issued. Our performance obligations vary by contract, but may include diesel and natural gas engines and engine-related component products, including filtration, aftertreatment, turbochargers, fuel systems, controls systems, air handling systems, transmissions, electric power generation systems, batteries, parts, maintenance services and extended coverage.

Typically, we recognize revenue on the products we sell at a point in time, generally in accordance with shipping terms, which reflects the transfer of control to the customer. Since control of construction projects transfer to the customer as the work is performed, revenue on these projects is recognized based on the percentage of inputs incurred to date compared to the total expected cost of inputs, which is reflective of the value transferred to the customer. Revenue is recognized under long-term maintenance and other service agreements over the term of the agreement as underlying services are performed based on the percentage of the cost of services provided to date compared to the total expected cost of services to be provided under the contract. Sales of extended coverage are recognized based on the pattern of expected costs over the extended coverage period or, if such a pattern is unknown, on a straight-line basis over the coverage period as the customer is considered to benefit from our stand ready obligation over the coverage period. In all cases, we believe cost incurred is the most representative depiction of the extent of service performed to date on a particular contract.

Our arrangements may include the act of shipping products to our customers after the performance obligation related to that product has been satisfied. We have elected to account for shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer goods and have not allocated revenue to the shipping activity. All related shipping and handling costs are accrued at the time of shipment.

Our sales arrangements may include the collection of sales and other similar taxes that are then remitted to the related taxing authority. We have elected to present the amounts collected for these taxes net of the related tax expense rather than presenting them as additional revenue.

We grant credit limits and terms to customers based upon traditional practices and competitive conditions. Typical terms vary by market, but payments are generally due in 90 days or less from invoicing for most of our product and service sales, while payments on construction and other similar arrangements may be due on an installment basis.

For contracts where the time between cash collection and performance is less than one year, we have elected to use the practical expedient that allows us to ignore the possible existence of a significant financing component within the contract. For contracts where this time period exceeds one year, generally the timing difference is the result of business concerns other than financing. We do have a limited amount of customer financing for which we charge or impute interest, but such amounts are immaterial to our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

Sales Incentives

We provide various sales incentives to both our distribution network and OEM customers. These programs are designed to promote the sale of our products in the channel or encourage the usage of our products by OEM customers. When there is uncertainty surrounding these sales incentives, we may limit the amount of revenue we recognize under a contract until the uncertainty has been resolved. Sales incentives primarily fall into three categories:


•	Volume rebates;


•	Market share rebates; and


•	Aftermarket rebates.

For volume rebates, we provide certain customers with rebate opportunities for attaining specified volumes during a particular quarter or year. We consider the expected amount of these rebates at the time of the original sale as we determine the overall

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transaction price. We update our assessment of the amount of rebates that will be earned quarterly based on our best estimate of the volume levels the customer will reach during the measurement period. For market share rebates, we provide certain customers with rebate opportunities based on the percentage of their production that utilizes our product. These rebates are typically measured either quarterly or annually and we assess them at least quarterly to determine our current estimates of amounts expected to be earned. These estimates are considered in the determination of transaction price at the time of the original sale based on the current market shares, with adjustments made as the level changes. For aftermarket rebates, we provide incentives to promote sales to certain dealers and end-markets. These rebates are typically paid on a quarterly, or more frequent basis. At the time of the sales, we consider the expected amount of these rebates when determining the overall transaction price. Estimates are adjusted at the end of each quarter based on the amounts yet to be paid. These estimates are based on historical experience with the particular program.

Sales Returns

The initial determination of the transaction price may also be impacted by expected product returns. Rights of return do not exist for the majority of our sales other than for quality issues. We do offer certain return rights in our aftermarket business, where some aftermarket customers are permitted to return small amounts of parts and filters each year, and in our power generation business, which sells portable generators to retail customers. An estimate of future returns is accounted for at the time of sale as a reduction in the overall contract transaction price based on historical return rates.

Multiple Performance Obligations

Our sales arrangements may include multiple performance obligations. We identify each of the material performance obligations in these arrangements and allocate the total transaction price to each performance obligation based on its relative selling price. In most cases, the individual performance obligations are also sold separately and we use that price as the basis for allocating revenue to the included performance obligations. When an arrangement includes multiple performance obligations and invoicing to the customer does not match the allocated portion of the transaction price, unbilled revenue or deferred revenue is recorded reflecting that difference. Unbilled and deferred revenue are discussed in more detail below.

Long-term Contracts

Our long-term maintenance agreements often include a variable component of the transaction price. We are generally compensated under such arrangements on a cost per hour of usage basis. We typically can estimate the expected usage over the life of the contract, but reassess the transaction price each quarter and adjust our recognized revenue accordingly. Certain maintenance agreements apply to generators used to provide standby power, which have limited expectations of usage. These agreements may include monthly minimum payments, providing some certainty to the total transaction price. For these particular contracts that relate to standby power, we limit revenue recognized to date to an amount representing the total minimums earned to date under the contract plus any cumulative billings earned in excess of the minimums. We reassess the estimates of progress and transaction price on a quarterly basis. For prime power arrangements, revenue is not subject to such a constraint and is generally equal to the current estimate on a percentage of completion basis times the total expected revenue under the contract.

Most of our contracts are for a period of less than one year. We have certain long-term maintenance agreements, construction contracts and extended warranty coverage arrangements that span a period in excess of one year. The aggregate amount of the transaction price for long-term maintenance agreements and construction contracts allocated to performance obligations that have not been satisfied as of September 30, 2018, was $709 million. We expect to recognize the related revenue of $270 million over the next 12 months and $439 million over periods up to 10 years. See NOTE 10 ,"PRODUCT WARRANTY LIABILITY," for additional disclosures on extended warranty coverage arrangements. Our other contracts generally are for a duration of less than one year or include payment terms that correspond to the value we are providing our customers.

Deferred and Unbilled Revenue

The timing of our billing does not always match the timing of our revenue recognition. We record deferred revenue when we are entitled to bill a customer in advance of when we are permitted to recognize revenue. Deferred revenue may arise in construction contracts, where billings may occur in advance of performance or in accordance with specific milestones. Deferred revenue may also occur in long-term maintenance contracts, where billings are often based on usage of the underlying equipment, which generally follows a predictable pattern that often will result in the accumulation of collections in advance of our performance of the related maintenance services. Finally, deferred revenue exists in our extended coverage contracts, where the cash is collected prior to the commencement of the coverage period. Deferred revenue is included in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of current liabilities for those expected to be recognized in revenue in a period of

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less than one year and long-term liabilities for those expected to be recognized as revenue in a period beyond one year. Deferred revenue is recognized as revenue when control of the underlying product, project or service passes to the customer under the related contract.

We recognize unbilled revenue when the revenue has been earned, but not yet billed. Unbilled revenue is included in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of current assets for those expected to be collected in a period of less than one year and long-term assets for those expected to be collected in a period beyond one year. Unbilled revenue relates to our right to consideration for our completed performance under a contract. Unbilled revenue generally arises from contractual provisions that delay a portion of the billings on genset deliveries until commissioning occurs. Unbilled revenue may also occur when billings trail the provision of service in construction and long-term maintenance contracts. We periodically assess our unbilled revenue for impairment.

The following is a summary of our unbilled and deferred revenue and related activity:



In millions	September 30, 2018			January 1, 2018
Unbilled revenue	$	56		$	6
Deferred revenue, primarily extended warranty	1,137			1,052
Revenue recognized ⁽¹⁾	(277		)	—

____________________________________

⁽¹⁾ Relates to year-to-date revenues recognized from amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the year.

Revenue recognized in the period from performance obligations satisfied in previous periods was immaterial.

We did not record any impairment losses on our unbilled revenues during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Trade accounts receivable represent amounts billed to customers and not yet collected or amounts that have been earned, but may not be billed until the passage of time, and are recorded when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount, which approximates net realizable value, and generally do not bear interest. The allowance for doubtful accounts is our best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in our existing accounts receivable. We determine the allowance based on our historical collection experience and by performing an analysis of our accounts receivable in light of the current economic environment. We review our allowance for doubtful accounts on a regular basis. In addition, when necessary, we provide an allowance for the full amount of specific accounts deemed to be uncollectible. Account balances are charged off against the allowance in the period in which we determine that it is probable the receivable will not be recovered. The allowance for doubtful accounts balances for the periods ended September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, were $15 million and $16 million, respectively, and bad debt write-offs were not material.

Contract Costs

We are required to record an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer and other costs to fulfill a contract not otherwise required to be immediately expensed when we expect to recover those costs. The only material incremental cost we incur is commission expense, which is generally incurred in the same period as the underlying revenue. Costs to fulfill a contract are generally limited to customer-specific engineering expenses that do not meet the definition of research and development expenses. As a practical expedient, we have elected to recognize these costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when the related contract period is less than one year. When the period exceeds one year, this asset is amortized over the life of the contract. We did not have any material capitalized balances at September 30, 2018.

Extended Warranty

In addition, we sell extended warranty coverage on most of our engines and on certain components. We consider a warranty to be extended coverage in any of the following situations:


•	When a warranty is sold separately or is optional (extended coverage contracts, for example) or


•	When a warranty provides additional services.

The consideration collected is initially deferred and is recognized as revenue in proportion to the costs expected to be incurred in performing services over the contract period. We compare the remaining deferred revenue balance quarterly to the estimated

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amount of future claims under extended warranty programs and provide an additional accrual when the deferred revenue balance is less than expected future costs.

Disaggregation of Revenue

Consolidated Revenue

The table below presents our consolidated sales by geographic area. Net sales attributed to geographic areas were based on the location of the customer.



	Three months ended		Nine months ended
In millions	September 30, 2018		September 30, 2018
United States	$	3,407	$	9,829
China	559		1,753
India	240		722
Other International	1,737		5,341
Total net sales	$	5,943	$	17,645

Segment Revenue

Engine segment external sales by market were as follows:



	Three months ended		Nine months ended
In millions	September 30, 2018		September 30, 2018
Heavy-duty truck	$	769	$	2,113
Medium-duty truck and bus	613		1,954
Light-duty automotive	446		1,099
Total on-highway	1,828		5,166
Off-highway	254		779
Total sales	$	2,082	$	5,945

Distribution segment external sales by region were as follows:



	Three months ended		Nine months ended
In millions	September 30, 2018		September 30, 2018
North America	$	1,331	$	3,954
Asia Pacific	223		621
Europe	113		387
China	77		238
Africa and Middle East	55		178
India	49		142
Latin America	42		125
Russia	37		117
Total sales	$	1,927	$	5,762

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Distribution segment external sales by product line were as follows:



	Three months ended		Nine months ended
In millions	September 30, 2018		September 30, 2018
Parts	$	797	$	2,415
Engines	399		1,227
Service	372		1,091
Power generation	359		1,029
Total sales	$	1,927	$	5,762

Components segment external sales by business were as follows:



	Three months ended		Nine months ended
In millions	September 30, 2018		September 30, 2018
Emission solutions	$	677	$	2,096
Turbo technologies	173		571
Filtration	242		756
Automated transmissions	150		408
Electronics and fuel systems	55		181
Total sales	$	1,297	$	4,012

Power Systems segment external sales by product line were as follows:



	Three months ended		Nine months ended
In millions	September 30, 2018		September 30, 2018
Power generation	$	366	$	1,066
Industrial	184		593
Generator technologies	86		263
Total sales	$	636	$	1,922

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NOTE 4. PENSION AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS

We sponsor funded and unfunded domestic and foreign defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans. Contributions to these plans were as follows:



	Three months ended				Nine months ended
In millions	September 30, 2018		October 1, 2017		September 30, 2018		October 1, 2017
Defined benefit pension plans
Voluntary contribution	$	4	$	41	$	11	$	125
Mandatory contribution	6		—		17		—
Defined benefit pension contributions	$	10	$	41	$	28	$	125

Other postretirement benefit plans
Benefit payments, net	$	11	$	1	$	16	$	19

Defined contribution pension plans	$	21	$	19	$	82	$	67

We anticipate making additional defined benefit pension contributions during the remainder of 2018 of $10 million for our U.S. and U.K. pension plans. Approximately $14 million of the estimated $38 million of pension contributions for the full year are voluntary. These contributions may be made from trusts or company funds either to increase pension assets or to make direct benefit payments to plan participants. We expect our 2018 net periodic pension cost to approximate $86 million.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted the new accounting standard related to the presentation of pension and other postretirement benefit costs. See NOTE 16, "RECENTLY ADOPTED AND RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS," for detailed information about the adoption of this standard.

The components of net periodic pension and other postretirement benefit costs under our plans were as follows:



	Pension
	U.S. Plans						U.K. Plans						Other Postretirement Benefits
	Three months ended
In millions	September 30, 2018			October 1, 2017			September 30, 2018			October 1, 2017			September 30, 2018		October 1, 2017
Service cost	$	30		$	27		$	7		$	7		$	—	$	—
Interest cost	25			26			10			10			3		3
Expected return on plan assets	(49		)	(50		)	(17		)	(18		)	—		—
Recognized net actuarial loss	8			10			7			10			—		2
Net periodic benefit cost	$	14		$	13		$	7		$	9		$	3	$	5



	Pension
	U.S. Plans						U.K. Plans						Other Postretirement Benefits
	Nine months ended
In millions	September 30, 2018			October 1, 2017			September 30, 2018			October 1, 2017			September 30, 2018		October 1, 2017
Service cost	$	90		$	80		$	22		$	20		$	—	$	—
Interest cost	74			79			31			30			8		10
Expected return on plan assets	(147		)	(153		)	(53		)	(52		)	—		—
Recognized net actuarial loss	25			28			22			30			—		5
Net periodic benefit cost	$	42		$	34		$	22		$	28		$	8	$	15

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NOTE 5. EQUITY, ROYALTY AND INTEREST INCOME FROM INVESTEES

Equity, royalty and interest income from investees included in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the reporting periods was as follows:



	Three months ended					Nine months ended
In millions	September 30, 2018		October 1, 2017			September 30, 2018		October 1, 2017
Manufacturing entities
Beijing Foton Cummins Engine Co., Ltd.	$	18	$	24		$	63	$	79
Dongfeng Cummins Engine Company, Ltd.	13		15			47		56
Chongqing Cummins Engine Company, Ltd.	11		11			43		30
Cummins Westport, Inc.	8		4			20		9
Dongfeng Cummins Emission Solutions Co., Ltd.	2		3			11		10
All other manufacturers	20		20			69		59
Distribution entities
Komatsu Cummins Chile, Ltda.	5		8			18		23
All other distributors	—		(1		)	—		(1		)
Cummins share of net income	77		84			271		265
Royalty and interest income	13		11			44		36
Equity, royalty and interest income from investees	$	90	$	95		$	315	$	301

NOTE 6. INCOME TAXES

Our effective tax rate for the year is expected to approximate 21.0 percent, excluding any discrete tax items that may arise.

Our effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, were 13.3 percent and 22.8 percent, respectively.

The three months ended September 30, 2018, contained $37 million, or $0.23 per share, of favorable net discrete tax items, primarily due to $34 million of favorable discrete items related to the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Legislation) and $3 million of other favorable discrete items.

The nine months ended September 30, 2018, contained $37 million, or $0.23 per share, of unfavorable net discrete tax items, primarily due to $48 million of unfavorable discrete items related to the Tax Legislation, partially offset by $11 million of other favorable discrete items. See table below for additional information on Tax Legislation adjustments.

Our effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended October 1, 2017, were 26.5 percent and 26.3 percent, respectively and contained only immaterial discrete tax items.

The SEC issued guidance which addressed the uncertainty in the application of GAAP to the Tax Legislation where certain income tax effects could not be finalized at December 31, 2017. This guidance allows entities to record provisional amounts based on current estimates that are updated on a quarterly basis. As a result, our accounting for the effects of the Tax Legislation is not considered complete at this time. The final transition impacts of the Tax Legislation may differ from our estimates, possibly materially, due to, among other things, changes in interpretations of the Tax Legislation, any legislative action to address questions that arise because of the Tax Legislation, any changes in accounting standards for income taxes or related interpretations in response to the Tax Legislation, or any updates or changes to estimates we have utilized to calculate the transition impacts. The SEC requires final calculations to be completed within the one-year measurement period ending December 22, 2018, and reflect any additional guidance issued throughout the year. Any adjustments of provisional amounts will be reported in the period in which the estimates change. We made provisional estimates of the effects of the Tax Legislation in three primary areas: (1) the withholding tax accrued on those earnings no longer considered permanently reinvested at December 31, 2017; (2) our existing deferred tax balances and (3) the one-time transition tax. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) continues to issue guidance, which required adjustment of the one-time transition tax as shown in the table below.

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The adjustments during the one-year Tax Legislation measurement period for each group and other Tax Legislation adjustments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, consisted of the following:



	Favorable/(Unfavorable) Tax Valuation Adjustments as of September 30, 2018
In millions	Three months ended			Nine months ended
One-year measurement adjustments to 2017 estimates
Withholding tax accrued	$	118		$	112
Deferred tax balances	(7		)	(7		)
One-time transition tax	(70		)	(111		)
Net impact of measurement period changes	41			(6		)
Other 2018 adjustments
Deferred tax charges⁽¹⁾	—			(35		)
Foreign currency adjustment related to Tax Legislation	(7		)	(7		)
Net impact of 2018 adjustments	(7		)	(42		)
Total Tax Legislation impact	$	34		$	(48	)

____________________________________________________

⁽¹⁾ Charges relate to one-time recognition of deferred tax charges at historical tax rates on intercompany profit in inventory.

Withholding tax

Withholding tax is an additional cost associated with the distribution of earnings from some jurisdictions. As a result of the Tax Legislation, we reconsidered previous assertions regarding earnings that were considered permanently reinvested, which requires us to record withholding taxes on earnings likely to be distributed in the foreseeable future. The assertion as to which earnings are permanently reinvested for purposes of calculating withholding tax is provisional as we refine the underlying calculations of the amount of earnings subject to the tax and the rate at which it will be taxed. The recorded provisional amount for the withholding tax resulted in an incremental tax expense of $331 million at December 31, 2017.

In the third quarter of 2018, we recorded a $118 million adjustment to lower withholding taxes as we revised our assertion to permanently reinvested earnings. The $118 million tax benefit resulted from reevaluating the dividend withholding tax accrual for India and China. The total withholding tax accrual on non-permanently reinvested earnings at September 30, 2018, after this reduction was $219 million.

One-time Transition Tax

The one-time transition tax is based on our total post-1986 unrepatriated earnings and profits not previously subject to U.S. income tax. We recorded a provisional amount for our one-time transition tax of $298 million with a cash impact of $338 million at December 31, 2017.

In the third quarter of 2018, we recorded $70 million of additional one-time transition tax due to proposed regulations issued by the IRS on August 9, 2018.

NOTE 7. MARKETABLE SECURITIES

A summary of marketable securities, all of which are classified as current, was as follows:



	September 30, 2018						December 31, 2017
In millions	Cost		Gross unrealized gains/(losses)⁽¹⁾		Estimated fair value		Cost		Gross unrealized gains/(losses)⁽¹⁾		Estimated fair value
Equity securities
Debt mutual funds	$	84	$	—	$	84	$	170	$	—	$	170
Certificates of deposit	83		—		83		12		—		12
Equity mutual funds	14		3		17		12		3		15
Debt securities	1		—		1		1		—		1
Total marketable securities	$	182	$	3	$	185	$	195	$	3	$	198

____________________________________

⁽¹⁾ Unrealized gains and losses for debt securities are recorded in other comprehensive income (See NOTE 13, "ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS," to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information). Effective January 1, 2018, with the adoption of the FASB standard, all unrealized gains and losses for equity securities are recorded in other income, net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. See NOTE 16, "RECENTLY ADOPTED AND RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS," for detailed information about the adoption of this standard.

All marketable securities are classified as available-for-sale securities and use a Level 2 fair value measure. The fair value of Level 2 securities is estimated using actively quoted prices for similar instruments from brokers and observable inputs where available, including market transactions and third-party pricing services, or net asset values provided to investors. We do not currently have any Level 3 securities and there were no transfers between Level 2 or 3 during 2018 and for the year ended December 31, 2017.

A description of the valuation techniques and inputs used for our Level 2 fair value measures is as follows:


•	Debt mutual funds— The fair value measure for the vast majority of these investments is the daily net asset value published on a regulated governmental website. Daily quoted prices are available from the issuing brokerage and are used on a test basis to corroborate this Level 2 input.

•

Certificates of deposit — These investments provide us with a contractual rate of return and generally range in maturity from three months to five years. The counterparties to these investments are reputable financial institutions with investment grade credit ratings. Since these instruments are not tradable and must be settled directly by us with the respective financial institution, our fair value measure is the financial institution's month-end statement.


•	Equity mutual funds — The fair value measure for these investments is the net asset value published by the issuing brokerage. Daily quoted prices are available from reputable third party pricing services and are used on a test basis to corroborate this Level 2 input measure.


•	Debt securities — The fair value measure for these securities is broker quotes received from reputable firms. These securities are infrequently traded on a national stock exchange and these values are used on a test basis to corroborate our Level 2 input measure.

The proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities were as follows:



	Nine months ended
In millions	September 30, 2018		October 1, 2017
Proceeds from sales of marketable securities	$	234	$	97
Proceeds from maturities of marketable securities	64		121
Investments in marketable securities - liquidations	$	298	$	218

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NOTE 8. INVENTORIES

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Inventories included the following:



In millions	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Finished products	$	2,466		$	2,078
Work-in-process and raw materials	1,496			1,216
Inventories at FIFO cost	3,962			3,294
Excess of FIFO over LIFO	(131		)	(128		)
Total inventories	$	3,831		$	3,166

NOTE 9. DEBT

Loans Payable and Commercial Paper

Loans payable, commercial paper and the related weighted-average interest rates were as follows:



In millions	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Loans payable ⁽¹⁾	$	61	$	57
Commercial paper ⁽²⁾	800		298

____________________________________

⁽¹⁾ Loans payable consist primarily of notes payable to various domestic and international financial institutions and it is not practicable to aggregate these notes and calculate a quarterly weighted-average interest rate.

⁽²⁾ The weighted-average interest rate, inclusive of all brokerage fees, was 2.19 percent and 1.56 percent at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

We can issue up to $3.5 billion of unsecured, short-term promissory notes ("commercial paper") pursuant to our board authorized commercial paper programs. The programs facilitate the private placement of unsecured short-term debt through third party brokers. We intend to use the net proceeds from the commercial paper borrowings for general corporate purposes.

Revolving Credit Facilities

On August 22, 2018, we entered into a new five-year revolving credit agreement with a syndicate of lenders. The new credit agreement provides us with a $2 billion senior unsecured revolving credit facility until August 22, 2023. This credit agreement replaces the prior $1.75 billion five-year credit agreement that would have matured on November 13, 2020. Amounts payable under our revolving credit facility will rank pro rata with all of our unsecured, unsubordinated indebtedness. Up to $300 million under this credit facility is available for swingline loans. Advances under the facility bear interest at (i) a base rate or (ii) a rate equal to the LIBOR rate plus an applicable margin based on the credit ratings of our outstanding senior unsecured long-term debt. Based on our current long-term debt ratings, the applicable margin on LIBOR rate loans was 0.75 percent per annum as of September 30, 2018. Advances under the facility may be prepaid without premium or penalty, subject to customary breakage costs.

On August 22, 2018, we entered into a new 364-day credit agreement that allows us to borrow up to $1.5 billion of additional unsecured funds at any time through August 22, 2019. This credit agreement replaces the prior $1.0 billion 364-day credit facility that would have matured on September 14, 2018. Up to $150 million under this credit facility is available for swingline loans.

Both credit agreements include various covenants, including, among others, maintaining a total debt to total capital leverage ratio of no more than 0.65 to 1.0. At September 30, 2018, we were in compliance with the covenants. These revolving credit facilities are maintained primarily to provide backup liquidity for our commercial paper borrowings and general corporate purposes. There were no outstanding borrowings under theses facilities at September 30, 2018. We intend to maintain credit facilities of a similar aggregate amount by renewing or replacing these facilities before expiration.

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Long-term Debt

A summary of long-term debt was as follows:



In millions	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Long-term debt
Senior notes, 3.65%, due 2023	$	500		$	500
Debentures, 6.75%, due 2027	58			58
Debentures, 7.125%, due 2028	250			250
Senior notes, 4.875%, due 2043	500			500
Debentures, 5.65%, due 2098 (effective interest rate 7.48%)	165			165
Other debt	36			76
Unamortized discount	(52		)	(54		)
Fair value adjustments due to hedge on indebtedness	14			35
Capital leases	133			121
Total long-term debt	1,604			1,651
Less: Current maturities of long-term debt	41			63
Long-term debt	$	1,563		$	1,588

Principal payments required on long-term debt during the next five years are as follows:



In millions	2018		2019		2020		2021		2022
Principal payments	$	7	$	43	$	12	$	8	$	8

Fair Value of Debt

Based on borrowing rates currently available to us for bank loans with similar terms and average maturities, considering our risk premium, the fair values and carrying values of total debt, including current maturities, were as follows:



In millions	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Fair value of total debt ⁽¹⁾	$	2,643	$	2,301
Carrying values of total debt	2,465		2,006

_________________________________________________

⁽¹⁾ The fair value of debt is derived from Level 2 inputs.

NOTE 10. PRODUCT WARRANTY LIABILITY

A tabular reconciliation of the product warranty liability, including the deferred revenue related to our extended warranty coverage and accrued product campaigns were as follows:



In millions	September 30, 2018			October 1, 2017
Balance, beginning of year	$	1,687		$	1,414
Provision for warranties issued	793			446
Deferred revenue on extended warranty contracts sold	211			164
Payments made during period	(313		)	(296		)
Amortization of deferred revenue on extended warranty contracts	(179		)	(161		)
Changes in estimates for pre-existing warranties	18			71
Foreign currency translation and other	(6		)	5
Balance, end of period	$	2,211		$	1,643

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Warranty related deferred revenues and the long-term portion of the warranty liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets were as follows:



In millions	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		Balance Sheet Location
Deferred revenue related to extended coverage programs
Current portion	$	227	$	231	Current portion of deferred revenue
Long-term portion	570		536		Other liabilities and deferred revenue
Total	$	797	$	767

Long-term portion of warranty liability	$	790	$	466	Other liabilities and deferred revenue

Engine System Campaign Accrual

During 2017, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) selected certain of our pre-2013 model year engine systems for additional emissions testing. Some of these engine systems failed CARB and EPA tests as a result of degradation of an aftertreatment component. We recorded charges of $36 million to cost of sales in our Consolidated Statements of Income during 2017 for the then expected cost of field campaigns to repair some of these engine systems.

In the first quarter of 2018, we concluded based upon additional emission testing performed, and further discussions with the EPA and CARB that the field campaigns should be expanded to include a larger population of our engine systems that are subject to the aftertreatment component degradation, including our model years 2010 through 2015. As a result, we recorded an additional charge of $187 million, or $0.87 per share, to cost of sales in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income ($94 million recorded in the Components segment and $93 million in the Engine segment).

In the second quarter of 2018, we reached agreement with the CARB and EPA regarding our plans to address the affected populations. In finalizing our plans, we increased the number of systems to be addressed through hardware replacement compared to our assumptions resulting in an additional charge of $181 million, or $0.85 per share, to cost of sales in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income ($91 million recorded in the Engine segment and $90 million in the Components segment).

The campaigns launched in the third quarter of 2018 and will be completed in phases across the affected population with a projection to be substantially complete by December 31, 2020. The total remaining accrual related to this matter at September 30, 2018 was $396 million.

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NOTE 11. OTHER ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER LIABILITIES AND DEFERRED REVENUE

Other accrued expenses included the following:



In millions	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Marketing accruals	$	189	$	146
Other taxes payable	173		197
Income taxes payable	113		77
Other	359		495
Other accrued expenses	$	834	$	915

Other liabilities and deferred revenue included the following:



In millions	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Accrued warranty	$	790	$	466
Deferred revenue	637		604
Income taxes payable⁽¹⁾	324		281
Deferred income taxes	263		391
Accrued compensation	166		151
Other long-term liabilities	161		134
Other liabilities and deferred revenue	$	2,341	$	2,027

____________________________________________________

⁽¹⁾Long-term income taxes payable are the result of the Tax Legislation and relate to the non-current portion of

the one-time transition tax on accumulated foreign earnings.

NOTE 12. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

We are subject to numerous lawsuits and claims arising out of the ordinary course of our business, including actions related to product liability; personal injury; the use and performance of our products; warranty matters; product recalls; patent, trademark or other intellectual property infringement; contractual liability; the conduct of our business; tax reporting in foreign jurisdictions; distributor termination; workplace safety; and environmental matters. We also have been identified as a potentially responsible party at multiple waste disposal sites under U.S. federal and related state environmental statutes and regulations and may have joint and several liability for any investigation and remediation costs incurred with respect to such sites. We have denied liability with respect to many of these lawsuits, claims and proceedings and are vigorously defending such lawsuits, claims and proceedings. We carry various forms of commercial, property and casualty, product liability and other forms of insurance; however, such insurance may not be applicable or adequate to cover the costs associated with a judgment against us with respect to these lawsuits, claims and proceedings. We do not believe that these lawsuits are material individually or in the aggregate. While we believe we have also established adequate accruals pursuant to GAAP for our expected future liability with respect to pending lawsuits, claims and proceedings, where the nature and extent of any such liability can be reasonably estimated based upon then presently available information, there can be no assurance that the final resolution of any existing or future lawsuits, claims or proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

We conduct significant business operations in Brazil that are subject to the Brazilian federal, state and local labor, social security, tax and customs laws. While we believe we comply with such laws, they are complex, subject to varying interpretations and we are often engaged in litigation regarding the application of these laws to particular circumstances.

Guarantees and Commitments

Periodically, we enter into guarantee arrangements, including guarantees of non-U.S. distributor financings, residual value guarantees on equipment under operating leases and other miscellaneous guarantees of joint ventures or third-party obligations. At September 30, 2018, the maximum potential loss related to these guarantees was $56 million.

We have arrangements with certain suppliers that require us to purchase minimum volumes or be subject to monetary penalties. At September 30, 2018, if we were to stop purchasing from each of these suppliers, the aggregate amount of the penalty would be approximately $80 million. Most of these arrangements enable us to secure critical components. We do not currently anticipate paying any penalties under these contracts.

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We enter into physical forward contracts with suppliers of platinum, palladium and copper to purchase minimum volumes of the commodities at contractually stated prices for various periods, not to exceed two years. At September 30, 2018, the total commitments under these contracts were $34 million. These arrangements enable us to fix the prices of these commodities, which otherwise are subject to market volatility.

We have guarantees with certain customers that require us to satisfactorily honor contractual or regulatory obligations, or compensate for monetary losses related to nonperformance. These performance bonds and other performance-related guarantees were $113 million at September 30, 2018.

Indemnifications

Periodically, we enter into various contractual arrangements where we agree to indemnify a third-party against certain types of losses. Common types of indemnities include:


•	product liability and license, patent or trademark indemnifications;


•	asset sale agreements where we agree to indemnify the purchaser against future environmental exposures related to the asset sold; and


•	any contractual agreement where we agree to indemnify the counterparty for losses suffered as a result of a misrepresentation in the contract.

We regularly evaluate the probability of having to incur costs associated with these indemnities and accrue for expected losses that are probable. Because the indemnifications are not related to specified known liabilities and due to their uncertain nature, we are unable to estimate the maximum amount of the potential loss associated with these indemnifications.

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NOTE 13. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

Following are the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component for the three months ended:



	Three months ended
In millions	Change in pensions and other postretirement defined benefit plans			Foreign currency translation adjustment			Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities			Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives			Total attributable to Cummins Inc.			Noncontrolling interests			Total
Balance at July 2, 2017	$	(649	)	$	(959	)	$	—		$	(7	)	$	(1,615	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications
Before tax amount	—			106			—			(6		)	100			$	(2	)	$	98
Tax benefit (expense)	—			(10		)	1			2			(7		)	—			(7		)
After tax amount	—			96			1			(4		)	93			(2		)	91
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss⁽¹⁾	16			—			(1		)	3			18			—			18
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	16			96			—			(1		)	111			$	(2	)	$	109
Balance at October 1, 2017	$	(633	)	$	(863	)	$	—		$	(8	)	$	(1,504	)

Balance at July 1, 2018	$	(668	)	$	(1,003	)	$	—		$	4		$	(1,667	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications
Before tax amount	—			(139		)	2			1			(136		)	$	(17	)	$	(153	)
Tax benefit (expense)	—			(3		)	—			—			(3		)	—			(3		)
After tax amount	—			(142		)	2			1			(139		)	(17		)	(156		)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss⁽¹⁾	13			—			(2		)	(4		)	7			—			7
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	13			(142		)	—			(3		)	(132		)	$	(17	)	$	(149	)
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	(655	)	$	(1,145	)	$	—		$	1		$	(1,799	)

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⁽¹⁾ Amounts are net of tax. Reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and the related tax effects are immaterial for separate disclosure.

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Following are the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component for the nine months ended:



	Nine months ended
In millions	Change in pensions and other postretirement defined benefit plans			Foreign currency translation adjustment			Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities⁽¹⁾			Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives			Total attributable to Cummins Inc.			Noncontrolling interests			Total
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	(685	)	$	(1,127	)	$	(1	)	$	(8	)	$	(1,821	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications
Before tax amount	8			286			2			(14		)	282			$	12		$	294
Tax benefit (expense)	(3		)	(22		)	—			5			(20		)	—			(20		)
After tax amount	5			264			2			(9		)	262			12			274
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss⁽²⁾	47			—			(1		)	9			55			—			55
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	52			264			1			—			317			$	12		$	329
Balance at October 1, 2017	$	(633	)	$	(863	)	$	—		$	(8	)	$	(1,504	)

Balance at December 31, 2017	$	(689	)	$	(812	)	$	1		$	(3	)	$	(1,503	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications
Before tax amount	(8		)	(342		)	2			16			(332		)	$	(41	)	$	(373	)
Tax benefit (expense)	2			9			—			(6		)	5			—			5
After tax amount	(6		)	(333		)	2			10			(327		)	(41		)	(368		)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss⁽²⁾	40			—			(3		)	(6		)	31			1			32
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	34			(333		)	(1		)	4			(296		)	$	(40	)	$	(336	)
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	(655	)	$	(1,145	)	$	—		$	1		$	(1,799	)

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⁽¹⁾ We adopted the new accounting pronouncement "Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments" on January 1, 2018, which moved the treatment of unrealized gains and losses for non-debt securities directly to the

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income on a prospective basis. The impact of adopting this standard includes a one-time cumulative effect adjustment to opening retained earnings of $2 million. See NOTE 16, "RECENTLY ADOPTED AND RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS," to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

⁽²⁾ Amounts are net of tax. Reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and the related tax effects are immaterial for separate disclosure.

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NOTE 14. ACQUISITIONS

On July 31, 2017, we formed a joint venture with Eaton Corporation PLC (Eaton) through the purchase of a 50 percent interest in the new venture named Eaton Cummins Automated Transmission Technologies for $600 million. See Note 18, "ACQUISITIONS," of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 for additional information.

On August 15, 2018, we acquired all of the outstanding stock of Efficient Drivetrains, Inc. (EDI), a manufacturer of electric and hybrid drivetrain systems and control software, for $65 million in cash which we accounted for as a business combination and included in the Electrified Power Segment in the third quarter of 2018. The majority of the purchase price will be assigned to goodwill and intangibles when the purchase accounting is completed.

NOTE 15. OPERATING SEGMENTS

Operating segments under GAAP are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM), or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. Our CODM is the President and Chief Operating Officer.

Our reportable operating segments consist of Engine, Distribution, Components, Power Systems and Electrified Power. This reporting structure is organized according to the products and markets each segment serves. The Engine segment produces engines (15 liters and less in size) and associated parts for sale to customers in on-highway and various off-highway markets. Our engines are used in trucks of all sizes, buses and recreational vehicles, as well as in various industrial applications, including construction, agriculture, power generation systems and other off-highway applications. The Distribution segment includes wholly-owned and partially-owned distributorships engaged in wholesaling engines, generator sets and service parts, as well as performing service and repair activities on our products and maintaining relationships with various OEMs throughout the world. The Components segment sells filtration products, aftertreatment systems, turbochargers, fuel systems and transmissions. The Power Systems segment is an integrated power provider, which designs, manufactures and sells engines (16 liters and larger) for industrial applications (including mining, oil and gas, marine and rail), standby and prime power generator sets, alternators and other power components. We formed the Electrified Power segment, effective January 1, 2018, which will provide fully electric and hybrid powertrain solutions along with innovative components and subsystems to serve all our markets as they adopt electrification, meeting the needs of our OEM partners and end customers.

Our Electrified Power segment designs, manufactures, sells and supports electrified power systems ranging from fully electric to hybrid. We are currently developing the Cummins Electric Power Battery and the Cummins Hybrid Plug-In systems for urban bus, which are expected to launch in 2019 and 2020, respectively. We also design and manufacture battery modules, packs and systems for commercial, industrial and material handling applications. We use a range of cell chemistries which are suitable for pure electric, hybrid and plug-in hybrid applications. In addition to electrified powertrains for urban bus, we intend to deliver product offerings to future markets, including pick-up and delivery applications and other markets as they adopt electric solutions. We invest in and utilize our internal research and development capabilities, along with strategic acquisitions and partnerships to meet our objectives.

Effective January 1, 2018, we changed our measure to EBITDA (defined as earnings before interest expense, income taxes, noncontrolling interests, depreciation and amortization) as the primary basis for the CODM to evaluate the performance of each of our reportable operating segments. EBITDA assists investors and debt holders in comparing our performance on a consistent basis without regard for depreciation and amortization, which can vary significantly depending upon many factors. Prior periods have been revised to reflect the current presentation. Segment amounts exclude certain expenses not specifically identifiable to segments.

The accounting policies of our operating segments are the same as those applied in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. We prepared the financial results of our operating segments on a basis that is consistent with the manner in which we internally disaggregate financial information to assist in making internal operating decisions. We allocate certain common costs and expenses, primarily corporate functions, among segments differently than we would for stand-alone financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. These include certain costs and expenses of shared services, such as information technology, human resources, legal, finance and supply chain management. We do not allocate changes in cash surrender value of corporate owned life insurance to individual segments. EBITDA may not be consistent with measures used by other companies.

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Summarized financial information regarding our reportable operating segments for the three months ended is shown in the table below:



In millions	Engine		Distribution		Components		Power Systems		Electrified Power			Total Segments		Intersegment Eliminations ⁽¹⁾			Total
Three months ended September 30, 2018
External sales	$	2,082	$	1,927	$	1,297	$	636	$	1		$	5,943	$	—		$	5,943
Intersegment sales	644		4		457		471		1			1,577		(1,577		)	—
Total sales	2,726		1,931		1,754		1,107		2			7,520		(1,577		)	5,943
Research, development and engineering expenses	74		5		71		57		22			229		—			229
Equity, royalty and interest income from investees	55		9		12		14		—			90		—			90
Interest income	3		4		1		1		—			9		—			9
Segment EBITDA	405		155		288		163		(30		)	981		2			983
Depreciation and amortization ⁽²⁾	46		27		44		29		2			148		—			148

Three months ended October 1, 2017
External sales	$	1,783	$	1,748	$	1,139	$	615	$	—		$	5,285	$	—		$	5,285
Intersegment sales	553		5		394		441		—			1,393		(1,393		)	—
Total sales	2,336		1,753		1,533		1,056		—			6,678		(1,393		)	5,285
Research, development and engineering expenses	83		6		63		61		—			213		—			213
Equity, royalty and interest income from investees	58		11		12		14		—			95		—			95
Interest income	1		2		—		1		—			4		—			4
Segment EBITDA	276		120		259		111		—			766		22			788
Depreciation and amortization ⁽²⁾	47		29		42		30		—			148		—			148

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⁽¹⁾Includes intersegment sales, intersegment profit in inventory eliminations and unallocated corporate expenses. There were no significant unallocated corporate expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and October 1, 2017.

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Summarized financial information regarding our reportable operating segments for the nine months ended is shown in the table below:



In millions	Engine		Distribution		Components		Power Systems		Electrified Power			Total Segments		Intersegment Eliminations ⁽¹⁾			Total
Nine months ended September 30, 2018
External sales	$	5,945	$	5,762	$	4,012	$	1,922	$	4		$	17,645	$	—		$	17,645
Intersegment sales	1,923		16		1,382		1,505		1			4,827		(4,827		)	—
Total sales	7,868		5,778		5,394		3,427		5			22,472		(4,827		)	17,645
Research, development and engineering expenses	229		15		195		174		45			658		—			658
Equity, royalty and interest income from investees	189		33		42		51		—			315		—			315
Interest income	8		9		4		5		—			26		—			26
Segment EBITDA	1,053		423		752		491		(61		)	2,658		(78		)	2,580
Depreciation and amortization⁽²⁾	142		81		137		91		4			455		—			455

Nine months ended October 1, 2017
External sales	$	4,951	$	5,101	$	3,183	$	1,717	$	—		$	14,952	$	—		$	14,952
Intersegment sales	1,715		19		1,148		1,238		—			4,120		(4,120		)	—
Total sales	6,666		5,120		4,331		2,955		—			19,072		(4,120		)	14,952
Research, development and engineering expenses	200		14		171		161		—			546		—			546
Equity, royalty and interest income from investees	186		35		40		40		—			301		—			301
Interest income	4		4		1		2		—			11		—			11
Segment EBITDA	872		377		703		286		—			2,238		19			2,257
Depreciation and amortization⁽²⁾	137		90		117		87		—			431		—			431

____________________________________

⁽¹⁾Includes intersegment sales, intersegment profit in inventory eliminations and unallocated corporate expenses. There were no significant unallocated corporate expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and October 1, 2017.

⁽²⁾Depreciation and amortization, as shown on a segment basis, excludes the amortization of debt discount and deferred costs included in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as "Interest expense." The amortization of debt discount and deferred costs was $1 million and $2 million for the nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and October 1, 2017, respectively. A portion of depreciation expense is included in "Research, development and engineering expenses."

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A reconciliation of our segment information to the corresponding amounts in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income is shown in the table below:



	Three months ended				Nine months ended
In millions	September 30, 2018		October 1, 2017		September 30, 2018		October 1, 2017
Total EBITDA	$	983	$	788	$	2,580	$	2,257
Less:
Depreciation and amortization	148		148		455		431
Interest expense	30		18		82		57
Income before income taxes	$	805	$	622	$	2,043	$	1,769

NOTE 16. RECENTLY ADOPTED AND RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted

On January 1, 2018, we adopted the new revenue recognition standard in accordance with GAAP. See NOTE 3, "REVENUE RECOGNITION," for detailed information about the adoption of this standard.

In March 2017, the FASB amended its standards related to the presentation of pension and other postretirement benefit costs in the financial statements beginning January 1, 2018. Under the new standard, we are required to separate service costs from all other elements of pension costs and reflect the other elements of pension costs outside of operating income in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. In addition, the standard limits the amount eligible for capitalization (into inventory or self-constructed assets) to the amount of service cost. This portion of the standard was applied on a prospective basis. The remainder of the new standard was applied on a retrospective basis using a practical expedient as the estimation basis for the reclassification of prior period non-service cost components of net periodic benefit cost from operating income to non-operating income. As a result, we revised our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income by the following amounts:



	Favorable / (Unfavorable)
	2017
In millions	Q1			Q2			Q3
Cost of sales	$	4		$	2		$	2
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(10		)	(10		)	(9		)
Research, development and engineering expenses	—			(1		)	—
Total change in operating income	(6		)	(9		)	(7		)
Other non operating income, net	6			9			7
Total change in income before income taxes	$	—		$	—		$	—

In August 2016, the FASB amended its standards related to the classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments which became effective for us beginning January 1, 2018. The new standard made eight targeted changes to how cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. Adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

In January 2016, the FASB amended its standards related to the accounting for certain financial instruments which became effective for us beginning January 1, 2018. This amendment addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure. The standard resulted in a cumulative effect increase to opening retained earnings of $2 million in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Accounting Pronouncements Issued But Not Yet Effective

In August 2018, the FASB issued a new standard that would align the accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement accounted for as a service contract with the model currently used for internal use software costs. Under the new standard, costs that meet certain criteria will be required to be capitalized on the balance sheet and subsequently amortized over the term of the hosting arrangement. The standard is effective for us beginning on January 1, 2020, with earl

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y adoption permitted. The standard allows for either prospective or retrospective transition. We are still evaluating the impact of this standard on our financial statements.

In August 2017, the FASB amended its standards related to accounting for derivatives and hedging. These amendments allow the initial hedge effectiveness assessment to be performed by the end of the first quarter in which the hedge is designated rather than concurrently with entering into the hedge transaction. The changes also expand the use of a periodic qualitative hedge effectiveness assessment in lieu of an ongoing quantitative assessment performed throughout the life of the hedge. The revision removes the requirement to record ineffectiveness on cash flow hedges through the income statement when a hedge is considered highly effective, instead deferring all related hedge gains and losses in other comprehensive income until the hedged item impacts earnings. The modifications permit hedging the contractually-specified price of a component of a commodity purchase and revises certain disclosure requirements. The amendments are effective January 1, 2019 and early adoption is permitted in any interim period or fiscal year prior to the effective date. The revised standard is required to be adopted on a modified retrospective basis for any cash flow or net investment hedge relationships that exist on the date of adoption and prospectively for disclosures. We do not expect the amendments to have a material effect on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

In June 2016, the FASB amended its standards related to accounting for credit losses on financial instruments. This amendment introduces new guidance for accounting for credit losses on instruments including trade receivables and held-to-maturity debt securities. The new rules are effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We do not expect adoption of this standard to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

In February 2016, the FASB amended its standards related to the accounting for leases. Under the new standard, lessees will now be required to recognize substantially all leases on the balance sheet as both a right-of-use asset and a liability. The standard will continue to have two types of leases for income statement recognition purposes: operating leases and finance leases. Operating leases will result in the recognition of a single lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term similar to the treatment for operating leases under today's standards. Finance leases will result in an accelerated expense similar to the accounting for capital leases under today's standards. The determination of a lease classification as operating or finance will occur in a manner similar to today's standard. The new standard also contains amended guidance regarding the identification of embedded leases in service contracts and the identification of lease and non-lease components of an arrangement. The new standard is effective on January 1, 2019 and we expect to adopt on a modified retrospective basis with a cumulative effect adjustment, if any, to be recorded in retained earnings on January 1, 2019. We do not expect this adjustment to be material. Based on our current lease portfolio, adoption of the standard will result in an increase in operating lease assets and liabilities in a range of $490 million to $540 million with an immaterial impact on our Consolidated Statements of Income; however this estimate is subject to change as we finalize our implementation. We are implementing enhanced internal controls and a software solution to comply with the requirements of the standard.

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ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Cummins Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries are hereinafter sometimes referred to as “Cummins,” “we,” “our” or “us.”

CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

Certain parts of this quarterly report contain forward-looking statements intended to qualify for the safe harbors from liability established by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include those that are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about the industries in which we operate and management’s beliefs and assumptions. Forward-looking statements are generally accompanied by words such as "anticipates," "expects," "forecasts," "intends," "plans," "believes," "seeks," "estimates," "could," "should" or words of similar meaning. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions, which we refer to as "future factors," which are difficult to predict. Therefore, actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed or forecasted in such forward-looking statements. Some future factors that could cause our results to differ materially from the results discussed in such forward-looking statements are discussed below and shareholders, potential investors and other readers are urged to consider these future factors carefully in evaluating forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. Future factors that could affect the outcome of forward-looking statements include the following:


•	a sustained slowdown or significant downturn in our markets;


•	changes in the engine outsourcing practices of significant customers;


•	the development of new technologies that reduce demand for our current products and services;


•	any significant additional problems in our engine platforms or aftertreatment systems;


•	product recalls;


•	lower than expected acceptance of new or existing products or services;


•	a slowdown in infrastructure development and/or depressed commodity prices;


•	unpredictability in the adoption, implementation and enforcement of emission standards around the world;


•	the actions of, and income from, joint ventures and other investees that we do not directly control;


•	changes in taxation;


•	exposure to potential security breaches or other disruptions to our information technology systems and data security;


•	a major customer experiencing financial distress;


•	our plan to reposition our portfolio of product offerings through exploring strategic acquisitions and divestitures and related uncertainties of entering such transactions;


•	supply shortages and supplier financial risk, particularly from any of our single-sourced suppliers;


•	competitor activity;


•	increasing competition, including increased global competition among our customers in emerging markets;


•	policy changes in international trade;


•	foreign currency exchange rate changes;


•	variability in material and commodity costs;


•	failure to realize expected results from our investment in Eaton Cummins Automated Transmission Technologies joint venture;


•	political, economic and other risks from operations in numerous countries;


•	global legal and ethical compliance costs and risks;


•	aligning our capacity and production with our demand;


•	product liability claims;


•	increasingly stringent environmental laws and regulations;


•	future bans or limitations on the use of diesel-powered vehicles;

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•	the price and availability of energy;


•	the performance of our pension plan assets and volatility of discount rates;


•	labor relations;


•	changes in accounting standards;


•	our sales mix of products;


•	protection and validity of our patent and other intellectual property rights;


•	technological implementation and cost/financial risks in our increasing use of large, multi-year contracts;


•	the outcome of pending and future litigation and governmental proceedings;


•	continued availability of financing, financial instruments and financial resources in the amounts, at the times and on the terms required to support our future business; and


•	other risk factors described in our 2017 Form 10-K, Part I, Item 1A under the caption “Risk Factors.”

Shareholders, potential investors and other readers are urged to consider these factors carefully in evaluating the forward-looking statements and are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements made herein are made only as of the date of this quarterly report and we undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

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ORGANIZATION OF INFORMATION

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) was prepared to provide the reader with a view and perspective of our business through the eyes of management and should be read in conjunction with our Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section of our 2017 Form 10-K. Our MD&A is presented in the following sections:

•Executive Summary and Financial Highlights

•Outlook

•Results of Operations

•Operating Segment Results

•Liquidity and Capital Resources

•Application of Critical Accounting Estimates

•Recently Adopted and Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS

We are a global power leader that designs, manufactures, distributes and services diesel and natural gas engines and engine-related component products, including filtration, aftertreatment, turbochargers, fuel systems, controls systems, air handling systems, transmissions, electric power generation systems, batteries and electrified power systems. We sell our products to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), distributors and other customers worldwide. We have long-standing relationships with many of the leading manufacturers in the markets we serve, including PACCAR Inc, Daimler Trucks North America, Navistar International Corporation and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Chrysler). We serve our customers through a network of approximately 500 wholly-owned and independent distributor locations and over 7,500 dealer locations in more than 190 countries and territories.

Our financial performance depends, in large part, on varying conditions in the markets we serve, particularly the on-highway, construction and general industrial markets. Demand in these markets tends to fluctuate in response to overall economic conditions. Our sales may also be impacted by OEM inventory levels, production schedules and stoppages. Economic downturns in markets we serve generally result in reduced sales of our products and can result in price reductions in certain products and/or markets. As a worldwide business, our operations are also affected by currency, political, economic and regulatory matters, including adoption and enforcement of environmental and emission standards, in the countries we serve. As part of our growth strategy, we invest in businesses in certain countries that carry high levels of these risks such as China, Brazil, India, Mexico, Russia and countries in the Middle East and Africa. At the same time, our geographic diversity and broad product and service offerings have helped limit the impact from a drop in demand in any one industry or customer or the economy of any single country on our consolidated results.

Worldwide net sales increased 12 percent in the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the same period in 2017, with all operating segments reporting higher sales. Net sales in the U.S. and Canada improved by 17 percent primarily due to increased demand in the North American on-highway markets (primarily in the heavy- and medium-duty truck and pick-up truck markets), increased demand in all of our distribution product lines and sales from the automated transmission business acquired during the third quarter of 2017. International demand growth (excludes the U.S. and Canada) improved net sales by 6 percent, with sales up in many of our markets, especially in India, Latin America, China, Asia Pacific and Europe. The increase in international sales was primarily due to increased demand in construction markets (especially in China), improved on-highway truck demand, increased demand in our distribution business (especially in Asia Pacific, China and India) and increased demand for power generation equipment primarily in the Middle East and India, partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency impacts of 3 percent of international sales (primarily the Brazilian real, Indian rupee, Australian dollar and Chinese renminbi),

Worldwide net sales increased 18 percent in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the same period in 2017, with all operating segments reporting higher sales. Net sales in the U.S. and Canada improved by 20 percent primarily due to increased demand in the North American on-highway markets (primarily in the heavy- and medium-duty truck and light commercial vehicle markets), increased demand in all of our distribution product lines, sales from the automated transmission

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business acquired during the third quarter of 2017 and increased industrial demand (especially in the oil and gas and construction markets). International demand growth (excludes the U.S. and Canada) improved net sales by 15 percent, with sales up in most of our markets, especially in China, Europe, Latin America, India and Asia Pacific. The increase in international sales was primarily due to increased on-highway demand (especially in Latin America, China and the Middle East), favorable foreign currency impacts of 2 percent of international sales (primarily the the Chinese renminbi, Euro and British pound, partially offset by the Brazilian real), increased demand in industrial markets (especially construction and mining markets in China and Europe), increased demand in our distribution business (especially in Western Europe, Asia Pacific and China) and increased demand for power generation equipment primarily in the Middle East and China.

Effective January 1, 2018, we changed our measure to EBITDA (defined as earnings before interest expense, income taxes, noncontrolling interests, depreciation and amortization) as a primary basis for the Chief Operating Decision Maker to evaluate the performance of each of our operating segments. EBITDA assists investors and debt holders in comparing our performance on a consistent basis without regard for depreciation and amortization, which can vary significantly depending upon many factors. Prior periods have been revised to reflect the current presentation. The following tables contain sales and EBITDA by operating segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and October 1, 2017.



	Three months ended
Operating Segments	September 30, 2018								October 1, 2017							Percent change
				Percent								Percent				2018 vs. 2017
In millions	Sales			of Total		EBITDA			Sales			of Total		EBITDA		Sales		EBITDA
Engine	$	2,726		46	%	$	405		$	2,336		44	%	$	276	17	%	47	%
Distribution	1,931			32	%	155			1,753			33	%	120		10	%	29	%
Components	1,754			30	%	288			1,533			29	%	259		14	%	11	%
Power Systems	1,107			19	%	163			1,056			20	%	111		5	%	47	%
Electrified Power	2			—	%	(30		)	—			—	%	—		NM		NM
Intersegment eliminations	(1,577		)	(27	)%	2			(1,393		)	(26	)%	22		13	%	(91	)%
Total	$	5,943		100	%	$	983		$	5,285		100	%	$	788	12	%	25	%

______________________________________

"NM" - not meaningful information

Net income attributable to Cummins was $692 million, or $4.28 per diluted share, on sales of $5.9 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2018, versus the comparable prior year period net income attributable to Cummins of $453 million, or $2.71 per diluted share, on sales of $5.3 billion. The increase in net income and earnings per diluted share was driven by significantly higher net sales, increased gross margin, a lower effective tax rate (due to the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Legislation) and $37 million of favorable discrete tax items) and decreased selling, general and administrative expenses, partially offset by the absence of a gain on sale of assets in the third quarter of 2017, higher research, development and engineering expenses and higher interest expense. See Note 6, "INCOME TAXES," to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the tax valuation adjustments. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to higher volumes, favorable mix and lower warranty costs (due to lower campaign accruals recorded versus the comparable period in 2017), partially offset by increased compensation costs (due to headcount growth to support increased sales) and unfavorable foreign currency impacts (primarily the Australian dollar and Brazilian real). Diluted earnings per share for the three months ended September 30, 2018, benefited $0.04 from fewer weighted average shares outstanding due to the stock repurchase program, including shares acquired under the accelerated share repurchase (ASR) agreement in the third quarter of 2018. See Note 2 "BASIS OF PRESENTATION," to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the ASR agreement.

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	Nine months ended
Operating Segments	September 30, 2018								October 1, 2017							Percent change
				Percent								Percent				2018 vs. 2017
In millions	Sales			of Total		EBITDA			Sales			of Total		EBITDA		Sales		EBITDA
Engine	$	7,868		45	%	$	1,053		$	6,666		45	%	$	872	18	%	21	%
Distribution	5,778			33	%	423			5,120			34	%	377		13	%	12	%
Components	5,394			30	%	752			4,331			29	%	703		25	%	7	%
Power Systems	3,427			19	%	491			2,955			20	%	286		16	%	72	%
Electrified Power	5			—	%	(61		)	—			—	%	—		NM		NM
Intersegment eliminations	(4,827		)	(27	)%	(78		)	(4,120		)	(28	)%	19		17	%	NM
Total	$	17,645		100	%	$	2,580		$	14,952		100	%	$	2,257	18	%	14	%

______________________________________

"NM" - not meaningful information

Net income attributable to Cummins was $1,562 million, or $9.53 per diluted share, on sales of $17.6 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, versus the comparable prior year period net income attributable to Cummins of $1,273 million, or $7.60 per diluted share, on sales of $15.0 billion. The increase in net income and earnings per diluted share was driven by significantly higher net sales, increased gross margin and a lower effective tax rate due to Tax Legislation, partially offset by $368 million for an Engine System Campaign, higher research, development and engineering expenses, unfavorable foreign currency impacts (primarily the British pound, Angolan kwanza and Brazilian real, partially offset by the Chinese renminbi), a net $37 million of unfavorable discrete tax items and higher interest expense and the absence of a gain on sale of assets in the third quarter of 2017. See Note 6, "INCOME TAXES," and Note 10 PRODUCT WARRANTY LIABILITY to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the tax valuation adjustments and the Engine System Campaign, respectively. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to higher volumes, favorable mix, improved pricing and lower material costs, partially offset by higher warranty costs (primarily $368 million for an Engine System Campaign) and increased compensation costs (driven by headcount growth to support increased sales). Diluted earnings per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, benefited $0.11 from fewer weighted average shares outstanding, primarily due to the stock repurchase programs, including shares acquired under the ASR agreement in the third quarter of 2018.

We generated $1,388 million of cash from operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $1,471 million for the comparable period in 2017. Refer to the section titled "Cash Flows" in the "LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES" section for a discussion of items impacting cash flows.

In October 2018, our Board of Directors authorized the acquisition of up to $2 billion of additional common stock upon completion of the 2016 repurchase plan. During the first nine months of 2018, we repurchased $779 million, or 5.3 million shares of common stock, including shares repurchased under the $500 million ASR in the third quarter of 2018. Under the ASR we received 2.8 million shares during the third quarter of 2018 and received the remaining 0.7 million shares at the conclusion of the agreement on October 17, 2018. See Note 2 "BASIS OF PRESENTATION," to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

On August 22, 2018, we entered into a new five-year $2 billion revolving credit agreement and a 364-day $1.5 billion credit agreement that expire on August 22, 2023 and August 22, 2019, respectively. These new credit facilities replace our previous five-year $1.75 billion and 364-day $1.0 billion facilities and will be used primarily to provide backup liquidity for our commercial paper borrowings and general corporate purposes.

Our debt to capital ratio (total capital defined as debt plus equity) at September 30, 2018, was 23.4 percent, compared to 19.7 percent at December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to an increase in outstanding commercial paper. At September 30, 2018, we had $1.4 billion in cash and marketable securities on hand and access to our $3.5 billion credit facilities, if necessary, to meet currently anticipated investment and funding needs.

We expect our effective tax rate for the full year of 2018 to approximate 21.0 percent, excluding any discrete tax items.

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Our global pension plans, including our unfunded and non-qualified plans, were 116 percent funded at December 31, 2017. Our U.S. qualified plans, which represent approximately 55 percent of the worldwide pension obligation, were 131 percent funded and our U.K. plans were 118 percent funded. We anticipate making additional defined benefit pension contributions during the remainder of 2018 of $10 million for our U.S. and U.K. pension plans. Approximately $14 million of the estimated $38 million of U.K. pension contributions for the full year are voluntary. We expect our 2018 net periodic pension cost to approximate $86 million.

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OUTLOOK

Our outlook reflects the following positive trends and challenges to our business that we expect could impact our revenue and earnings potential for the remainder of 2018.

Positive Trends


•	We believe North American medium-duty truck and heavy-duty truck demand will remain strong.


•	We anticipate demand for pick-up trucks in North America will remain strong.


•	We expect power generation markets to remain strong.


•	We expect global construction markets will remain strong.

Challenges


•	We are experiencing cost increases as a result of trade tariffs recently imposed by the U.S. and some of its trading partners, especially China. Prolonged trade disputes could negatively impact demand and trigger additional costs.


•	Truck market demand in China is expected to decline.


•	We anticipate oil and gas markets in North America will slow.


•	Marine markets are expected to remain weak.

In summary, we expect demand to remain strong in many of our most important markets.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS



	Three months ended					Favorable/					Nine months ended				Favorable/
	September 30, 2018			October 1, 2017		(Unfavorable)					September 30, 2018		October 1, 2017		(Unfavorable)
In millions, except per share amounts	September 30, 2018			October 1, 2017		Amount			Percent		September 30, 2018		October 1, 2017		Amount			Percent
NET SALES	$	5,943		$	5,285	$	658		12	%	$	17,645	$	14,952	$	2,693		18	%
Cost of sales	4,392			3,944		(448		)	(11	)%	13,454		11,228		(2,226		)	(20	)%
GROSS MARGIN	1,551			1,341		210			16	%	4,191		3,724		467			13	%
OPERATING EXPENSES AND INCOME
Selling, general and administrative expenses	604			633		29			5	%	1,794		1,786		(8		)	—	%
Research, development and engineering expenses	229			213		(16		)	(8	)%	658		546		(112		)	(21	)%
Equity, royalty and interest income from investees	90			95		(5		)	(5	)%	315		301		14			5	%
Other operating income (expense), net	(5		)	32		(37		)	NM		1		55		(54		)	(98	)%
OPERATING INCOME	803			622		181			29	%	2,055		1,748		307			18	%
Interest income	9			4		5			NM		26		11		15			NM
Interest expense	30			18		(12		)	(67	)%	82		57		(25		)	(44	)%
Other income, net	23			14		9			64	%	44		67		(23		)	(34	)%
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES	805			622		183			29	%	2,043		1,769		274			15	%
Income tax expense	107			165		58			35	%	466		466		—			—	%
CONSOLIDATED NET INCOME	698			457		241			53	%	1,577		1,303		274			21	%
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	6			4		(2		)	(50	)%	15		30		15			50	%
NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO CUMMINS INC.	$	692		$	453	$	239		53	%	$	1,562	$	1,273	$	289		23	%
Diluted Earnings Per Common Share Attributable to Cummins Inc.	$	4.28		$	2.71	$	1.57		58	%	$	9.53	$	7.60	$	1.93		25	%

____________________________________

"NM" - not meaningful information



	Three months ended				Favorable/ (Unfavorable)	Nine months ended				Favorable/ (Unfavorable)
	September 30, 2018		October 1, 2017		Favorable/ (Unfavorable)	September 30, 2018		October 1, 2017		Favorable/ (Unfavorable)
Percent of sales	September 30, 2018		October 1, 2017		Percentage Points	September 30, 2018		October 1, 2017		Percentage Points
Gross margin	26.1	%	25.4	%	0.7	23.8	%	24.9	%	(1.1	)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	10.2	%	12.0	%	1.8	10.2	%	11.9	%	1.7
Research, development and engineering expenses	3.9	%	4.0	%	0.1	3.7	%	3.7	%	—

Net Sales

Net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased by $658 million versus the comparable period in 2017. The primary drivers were as follows:


•	Engine segment sales increased 17 percent primarily due to higher demand across all markets, especially in North American heavy-duty truck, medium-duty truck markets and global construction markets.


•	Components segment sales increased 14 percent primarily due to higher demand across all businesses, especially sales from the automated transmission business acquired in the third quarter of 2017 and the emission solutions business due to stronger market demand for trucks in North America and Western Europe.


•	Distribution segment sales increased 10 percent primarily due to higher demand in most geographic regions, especially North America, due to increased demand in all product lines.


•	Power Systems segment sales increased 5 percent primarily due to higher power generation demand, especially in North America and the Middle East.


•	Foreign currency fluctuations unfavorably impacted sales by 1 percent of total sales primarily in the Brazilian real, Indian rupee, Australian dollar and Chinese renminbi.

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Net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased by $2.7 billion versus the comparable period in 2017. The primary drivers were as follows:


•	Engine segment sales increased 18 percent primarily due to higher demand across all markets, especially in North American heavy-duty truck, medium-duty truck markets and increased demand in global construction markets.


•	Components segment sales increased 25 percent primarily due to higher demand across all businesses, especially the emission solutions business, due to stronger market demand for trucks in North America, Western Europe and India, and sales from the automated transmission business acquired in the third quarter of 2017.


•	Distribution segment sales increased 13 percent primarily due to higher demand in most geographic regions, especially in North America, due to increased demand in all product lines.


•	Power Systems segment sales increased 16 percent primarily due to higher demand for all product lines, especially in industrial markets due to higher demand in global mining markets, North America oil and gas markets and increased power generation demand.


•	Foreign currency fluctuations favorably impacted sales by 1 percent of total sales primarily in the Chinese renminbi, Euro and British pound, partially offset by the Brazilian real.

Sales to international markets (excluding the U.S. and Canada), based on location of customers, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, were 39 percent and 40 percent of total net sales, respectively, compared with 41 percent and 42 percent of total net sales for the comparable periods in 2017. A more detailed discussion of sales by segment is presented in the “OPERATING SEGMENT RESULTS” section.

Cost of Sales

The types of expenses included in cost of sales are the following: raw material consumption, including direct and indirect materials; salaries, wages and benefits; depreciation and amortization; estimated costs of warranty programs and campaigns; production utilities; production-related purchasing; warehousing, including receiving and inspection; engineering support costs; repairs and maintenance; production and warehousing facility property insurance; rent for production facilities and other production overhead.

Gross Margin

Gross margin increased $210 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, versus the comparable period in 2017 and increased 0.7 points as a percentage of sales. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to higher volumes, favorable mix and lower warranty costs (due to lower campaign accruals recorded versus the comparable period in 2017), partially offset by increased compensation costs (due to headcount growth to support increased sales) and unfavorable foreign currency impacts (primarily the Australian dollar and Brazilian real). The increase in gross margin percentage was primarily due to lower campaign accruals recorded versus the comparable period in 2017.

Gross margin increased $467 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, versus the comparable period in 2017, and decreased 1.1 points as a percentage of sales. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to higher volumes, favorable mix, improved pricing and lower material costs, partially offset by higher warranty costs (primarily $368 million for an Engine System Campaign) and increased compensation costs (driven by headcount growth to support increased sales). The decrease in gross margin percentage was primarily due to the Engine System Campaign. See Note 10 PRODUCT WARRANTY LIABILITY to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Engine System Campaign.

The provision for base warranties issued, excluding campaigns, as a percent of sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, was 2.0 percent and 1.9 percent, respectively, compared to 1.9 percent and 1.9 percent for the comparable periods in 2017. A detailed discussion of gross margin by segment is presented in the “OPERATING SEGMENT RESULTS” section.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $29 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, versus the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to lower variable compensation expense, partially offset by increased consulting expense and increased administrative expense driven by the acquisition of the automated transmission business in the third quarter of 2017. Overall, selling, general and administrative expenses, as a percentage of sales, decreased to 10.2 percent in the three months ended September 30, 2018, from 12.0 percent in the comparable period in 2017.

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, versus the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to higher consulting expense and increased administrative expense driven by the

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acquisition of the automated transmission business in the third quarter of 2017, partially offset by lower variable compensation expense. Overall, selling, general and administrative expenses, as a percentage of sales, decreased to 10.2 percent in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, from 11.9 percent in the comparable period in 2017.

Research, Development and Engineering Expenses

Research, development and engineering expenses increased $16 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, versus the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to investments in the Electrified Power segment, increased compensation expense driven by headcount growth due to investments in the Electrified Power segment and the automated transmission business acquired in the third quarter of 2017. Overall, research, development and engineering expenses as a percentage of sales decreased to 3.9 percent in the three months ended September 30, 2018, from 4.0 percent in the comparable period in 2017.

Research, development and engineering expenses increased $112 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, versus the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to investments in the Electrified Power segment, increased compensation expense driven by headcount growth due to investments in the Electrified Power segment and the automated transmission business acquired in the third quarter of 2017 and higher consulting expense, partially offset by lower variable compensation expense. Overall, research, development and engineering expenses as a percentage of sales remained flat at 3.7 percent in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the same period in 2017. Research activities continue to focus on development of new products to meet future emission standards around the world, improvements in fuel economy performance of diesel and natural gas powered engines and development activities around fully electric and hybrid powertrain solutions.

Equity, Royalty and Interest Income from Investees

Equity, royalty and interest income from investees decreased $5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, versus the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to lower earnings at Beijing Foton Cummins Engine Company, Ltd. and Komatsu Cummins Chile, Ltda., partially offset by higher earnings at Cummins Westport.

Equity, royalty and interest income from investees increased $14 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, versus the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to higher earnings at Chongqing Cummins Engine Company, Ltd., Cummins Westport and increased royalty and interest income, partially offset by lower earnings at Beijing Foton Cummins Engine Company, Ltd., Dongfeng Cummins Engine Company, Ltd. and Komatsu Cummins Chile, Ltda.

Other Operating Income (Expense), Net

Other operating income (expense), net was as follows:



	Three months ended						Nine months ended
In millions	September 30, 2018			October 1, 2017			September 30, 2018			October 1, 2017
Amortization of intangible assets	$	(5	)	$	(4	)	$	(15	)	$	(7	)
Loss on write off of assets	(1		)	—			(5		)	(2		)
Gain (loss) on sale of assets, net	(1		)	15			2			20
Royalty income, net	8			18			26			38
Other, net	(6		)	3			(7		)	6
Total other operating income (expense), net	$	(5	)	$	32		$	1		$	55

Interest Income

Interest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased $5 million and $15 million, respectively, versus the comparable periods in 2017, primarily due to higher interest rates. This was primarily driven by cash balances held in the U.S.

Interest Expense

Interest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased $12 million and $25 million, respectively, versus the comparable periods in 2017, primarily due to higher weighted-average debt outstanding and higher interest rates.

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Other Income, Net

Other income, net was as follows:



	Three months ended						Nine months ended
In millions	September 30, 2018			October 1, 2017			September 30, 2018			October 1, 2017
Non-service pension and other postretirement benefits credit	$	15		$	7		$	45		$	22
Change in cash surrender value of corporate owned life insurance	7			9			4			38
Dividend income	—			1			2			4
Bank charges	(4		)	(2		)	(9		)	(7		)
Foreign currency gain (loss), net	(6		)	(5		)	(30		)	(2		)
Other, net	11			4			32			12
Total other income, net	$	23		$	14		$	44		$	67

Income Tax Expense

Our effective tax rate for the year is expected to approximate 21.0 percent, excluding any discrete tax items that may arise. Our effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, were 13.3 percent and 22.8 percent, respectively.

The nine months ended September 30, 2018, contained $37 million, or $0.23 per share, of unfavorable net discrete tax items, primarily due to $48 million of unfavorable discrete items related to the Tax Legislation, partially offset by $11 million of other favorable discrete items. See Note 6, "INCOME TAXES," for additional information on Tax Legislation adjustments.

Our effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended October 1, 2017, were 26.5 percent and 26.3 percent, respectively and contained only immaterial discrete tax items.

The change in the effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2018, versus the comparable period in 2017, was primarily due to lower U.S. tax rates and favorable discrete changes associated with the Tax Legislation. The change in the effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, versus the comparable period in 2017, was primarily due to lower U.S. tax rates associated with Tax Legislation.

Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling interests eliminate the income or loss attributable to non-Cummins ownership interests in our consolidated entities. Noncontrolling interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased $2 million versus the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to increased earnings at Cummins India, Ltd.

Noncontrolling interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, decreased $15 million versus the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to losses at the automated transmission business acquired in the third quarter of 2017.

Net Income Attributable to Cummins Inc. and Diluted Earnings Per Share Attributable to Cummins Inc.

Net income and diluted earnings per share attributable to Cummins Inc. for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased $239 million and $1.57 per share, respectively, versus the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to significantly higher net sales, increased gross margin, a lower effective tax rate (due to the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Legislation) and $37 million of favorable discrete tax items) and decreased selling, general and administrative expenses, partially offset by the absence of a gain on sale of assets in the third quarter of 2017, higher research, development and engineering expenses and higher interest expense. Diluted earnings per share for the three months ended September 30, 2018, benefited $0.04 from fewer weighted average shares outstanding due to the stock repurchase program, including shares acquired under the accelerated share repurchase (ASR) agreement in the third quarter of 2018. See Note 2 "BASIS OF PRESENTATION," to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

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Net income and diluted earnings per share attributable to Cummins Inc. for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased $289 million and $1.93 per share, respectively, versus the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to significantly higher net sales, increased gross margin and a lower effective tax rate due to Tax Legislation, partially offset by $368 million for an Engine System Campaign, higher research, development and engineering expenses, unfavorable foreign currency impacts (primarily the British pound, Angolan kwanza and Brazilian real, partially offset by the Chinese renminbi), a net $37 million of unfavorable discrete tax items and higher interest expense and the absence of a gain on sale of assets in the third quarter of 2017. Diluted earnings per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, benefited $0.11 from fewer weighted average shares outstanding, primarily due to the stock repurchase programs, including shares acquired under the ASR agreement in the third quarter of 2018.

Comprehensive Income - Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment

The foreign currency translation adjustment was a net loss of $159 million and $374 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to a net gain of $94 million and $276 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended October 1, 2017, and was driven by the following:



	Three months ended
	September 30, 2018				October 1, 2017
In millions	Translation adjustment			Primary currency driver vs. U.S. dollar	Translation adjustment			Primary currency driver vs. U.S. dollar
Wholly-owned subsidiaries	$	(106	)	Chinese renminbi, Indian rupee, British pound, Brazilian real	$	86		British pound, Chinese renminbi
Equity method investments	(36		)	Chinese renminbi, Indian rupee	10			Chinese renminbi
Consolidated subsidiaries with a noncontrolling interest	(17		)	Indian rupee	(2		)	Indian rupee
Total	$	(159	)		$	94




	Nine months ended
	September 30, 2018				October 1, 2017
In millions	Translation adjustment			Primary currency driver vs. U.S. dollar	Translation adjustment		Primary currency driver vs. U.S. dollar
Wholly-owned subsidiaries	$	(268	)	Indian rupee, British pound, Chinese renminbi, Brazilian real	$	233	British pound, Chinese renminbi, Indian rupee
Equity method investments	(65		)	Chinese renminbi, Indian rupee, British pound	31		Chinese renminbi, Indian rupee
Consolidated subsidiaries with a noncontrolling interest	(41		)	Indian rupee	12		Indian rupee
Total	$	(374	)		$	276

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OPERATING SEGMENT RESULTS

Our reportable operating segments consist of the Engine, Distribution, Components, Power Systems and Electrified Power segments. This reporting structure is organized according to the products and markets each segment serves. Effective January 1, 2018, we changed our measure to EBITDA as a primary basis for the Chief Operating Decision Maker to evaluate the performance of each of our reportable operating segments. Segment amounts exclude certain expenses not specifically identifiable to segments. See Note 15, "OPERATING SEGMENTS," to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Following is a discussion of results for each of our operating segments.

Engine Segment Results

Financial data for the Engine segment was as follows:



	Three months ended						Favorable/					Nine months ended						Favorable/
	September 30,			October 1,			(Unfavorable)					September 30,			October 1,			(Unfavorable)
In millions	2018			2017			Amount			Percent		2018			2017			Amount			Percent
External sales	$	2,082		$	1,783		$	299		17	%	$	5,945		$	4,951		$	994		20	%
Intersegment sales	644			553			91			16	%	1,923			1,715			208			12	%
Total sales	2,726			2,336			390			17	%	7,868			6,666			1,202			18	%
Research, development and engineering expenses	74			83			9			11	%	229			200			(29		)	(15	)%
Equity, royalty and interest income from investees	55			58			(3		)	(5	)%	189			186			3			2	%
Interest income	3			1			2			NM		8			4			4			100	%
Segment EBITDA	405			276			129			47	%	1,053			872			181			21	%

							Percentage Points											Percentage Points
Segment EBITDA as a percentage of total sales	14.9		%	11.8		%				3.1		13.4		%	13.1		%				0.3

____________________________________

"NM" - not meaningful information

Sales for our Engine segment by market were as follows:



	Three months ended				Favorable/				Nine months ended				Favorable/
	September 30,		October 1,		(Unfavorable)				September 30,		October 1,		(Unfavorable)
In millions	2018		2017		Amount		Percent		2018		2017		Amount		Percent
Heavy-duty truck	$	958	$	776	$	182	23	%	$	2,693	$	2,110	$	583	28	%
Medium-duty truck and bus	699		625		74		12	%	2,168		1,870		298		16	%
Light-duty automotive	517		452		65		14	%	1,363		1,304		59		5	%
Total on-highway	2,174		1,853		321		17	%	6,224		5,284		940		18	%
Off-highway	552		483		69		14	%	1,644		1,382		262		19	%
Total sales	$	2,726	$	2,336	$	390	17	%	$	7,868	$	6,666	$	1,202	18	%

Unit shipments by engine classification (including unit shipments to Power Systems and off-highway engine units included in their respective classification) were as follows:



	Three months ended		Favorable/			Nine months ended		Favorable/
	September 30,	October 1,	(Unfavorable)			September 30,	October 1,	(Unfavorable)
	2018	2017	Amount	Percent		2018	2017	Amount	Percent
Heavy-duty	34,600	28,100	6,500	23	%	93,200	71,400	21,800	31	%
Medium-duty	76,000	68,500	7,500	11	%	233,500	200,400	33,100	17	%
Light-duty	76,800	66,300	10,500	16	%	207,200	195,000	12,200	6	%
Total unit shipments	187,400	162,900	24,500	15	%	533,900	466,800	67,100	14	%

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Sales

Engine segment sales for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased $390 million versus the comparable period in 2017. The following were the primary drivers by market:


•	Heavy-duty truck sales increased $182 million primarily due to higher demand in North American heavy-duty truck markets with increased shipments of 30 percent.


•	Medium-duty truck and bus sales increased $74 million primarily due to higher demand in North American medium-duty truck markets with increased engine shipments of 9 percent.


•	Off-highway sales increased $69 million primarily due to improved demand in global construction markets, with increased international unit shipments of 29 percent primarily in China and increased unit shipments of 43 percent in North America.


•	Light-duty automotive sales increased $65 million due to improved demand in North America.

These increases were partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency fluctuations primarily in the Brazilian real.

Total on-highway-related sales for the three months ended September 30, 2018, were 80 percent of total Engine segment sales, versus 79 percent for the comparable period in 2017.

Engine segment sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased $1,202 million versus the comparable period in 2017. The following were the primary drivers by market:


•	Heavy-duty truck sales increased $583 million primarily due to higher demand in North American heavy-duty truck markets with increased shipments of 37 percent.


•	Medium-duty truck and bus sales increased $298 million primarily due to higher demand in North American medium-duty truck markets with increased engine shipments of 16 percent.


•	Off-highway sales increased $262 million due to improved demand in global construction markets with increased international unit shipments of 37 percent, primarily in China and Western Europe, and increased unit shipments of 32 percent in North America.

Total on-highway-related sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, were 79 percent of total Engine segment sales, versus 79 percent for the comparable period in 2017.

Segment EBITDA

Engine segment EBITDA for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased $129 million versus the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to higher gross margin, decreased selling, general and administrative expenses and lower research, development and engineering expenses, partially offset by decreased equity, royalty and interest income from investees. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to higher volumes, lower warranty costs (due to lower campaign accruals recorded versus the comparable period in 2017), improved mix and favorable pricing, partially offset by increased material costs and higher compensation expense. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to lower variable compensation expense, partially offset by increased consulting expense. The decrease in research, development and engineering expenses was primarily due to lower variable compensation expense. The decrease in equity, royalty and interest income from investees was primarily due to lower earnings at Beijing Foton Cummins Engine Co., Ltd., partially offset by increased earnings at Cummins Westport, Inc.

Engine segment EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased $181 million versus the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to higher gross margin and decreased selling, general and administrative expenses, partially offset by increased research, development and engineering expenses and unfavorable foreign currency fluctuations primarily in the Brazilian real, British pound and the Chinese renminbi. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to higher volumes, improved pricing and favorable mix, partially offset by increased warranty costs (primarily $184 million for an Engine System Campaign) and higher compensation expense. See Note 10 PRODUCT WARRANTY LIABILITY to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Engine System Campaign. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expense was primarily due to lower variable compensation expense. The increase in research, development and engineering expenses was primarily due to lower expense recovery and higher compensation expense. The increase in equity, royalty and interest income from investees was primarily due to higher earnings at Tata Cummins, Ltd., Cummins Westport, Inc. and Guangxi Cummins Industrial Power Co., mostly offset by Beijing Foton Cummins Engine Co., Ltd. and Dongfeng Cummins Engine Co.

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Distribution Segment Results

Financial data for the Distribution segment was as follows:



	Three months ended						Favorable/					Nine months ended						Favorable/
	September 30,			October 1,			(Unfavorable)					September 30,			October 1,			(Unfavorable)
In millions	2018			2017			Amount			Percent		2018			2017			Amount			Percent
External sales	$	1,927		$	1,748		$	179		10	%	$	5,762		$	5,101		$	661		13	%
Intersegment sales	4			5			(1		)	(20	)%	16			19			(3		)	(16	)%
Total sales	1,931			1,753			178			10	%	5,778			5,120			658			13	%
Research, development and engineering expenses	5			6			1			17	%	15			14			(1		)	(7	)%
Equity, royalty and interest income from investees	9			11			(2		)	(18	)%	33			35			(2		)	(6	)%
Interest income	4			2			2			100	%	9			4			5			NM
Segment EBITDA	155			120			35			29	%	423			377			46			12	%

							Percentage Points											Percentage Points
Segment EBITDA as a percentage of total sales	8.0		%	6.8		%				1.2		7.3		%	7.4		%				(0.1	)

____________________________________

"NM" - not meaningful information

Sales for our Distribution segment by region were as follows:



	Three months ended				Favorable/					Nine months ended				Favorable/
	September 30,		October 1,		(Unfavorable)					September 30,		October 1,		(Unfavorable)
In millions	2018		2017		Amount			Percent		2018		2017		Amount			Percent
North America	$	1,333	$	1,188	$	145		12	%	$	3,962	$	3,432	$	530		15	%
Asia Pacific	224		201		23			11	%	625		558		67			12	%
Europe	113		112		1			1	%	388		316		72			23	%
China	78		66		12			18	%	240		199		41			21	%
Africa and Middle East	55		58		(3		)	(5	)%	177		239		(62		)	(26	)%
India	49		41		8			20	%	144		136		8			6	%
Latin America	42		47		(5		)	(11	)%	125		125		—			—	%
Russia	37		40		(3		)	(8	)%	117		115		2			2	%
Total sales	$	1,931	$	1,753	$	178		10	%	$	5,778	$	5,120	$	658		13	%

Sales for our Distribution segment by product line were as follows:



	Three months ended				Favorable/				Nine months ended				Favorable/
	September 30,		October 1,		(Unfavorable)				September 30,		October 1,		(Unfavorable)
In millions	2018		2017		Amount		Percent		2018		2017		Amount		Percent
Parts	$	800	$	768	$	32	4	%	$	2,425	$	2,272	$	153	7	%
Engines	400		342		58		17	%	1,228		931		297		32	%
Service	372		326		46		14	%	1,094		965		129		13	%
Power generation	359		317		42		13	%	1,031		952		79		8	%
Total sales	$	1,931	$	1,753	$	178	10	%	$	5,778	$	5,120	$	658	13	%

Sales

Distribution segment sales for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased $178 million versus the comparable period in 2017. The following were the primary drivers by region:


•	North American sales increased $145 million, representing 81 percent of the total change in Distribution segment sales, primarily due to increased demand across all product lines.

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•	Asia Pacific sales increased $23 million primarily due to higher volumes in whole goods and service.

These increases were partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency fluctuations primarily in the Australian dollar, Indian rupee and Brazilian real.

Distribution segment sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased $658 million versus the comparable period in 2017. The following were the primary drivers by region:


•	North American sales increased $530 million, representing 81 percent of the total change in Distribution segment sales, primarily due to increased demand across all product lines.


•	European sales increased $72 million primarily due to higher demand for whole goods.

The increases were partially offset by lower sales of $62 million in Africa and the Middle East.

Segment EBITDA

Distribution segment EBITDA for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased $35 million versus the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to higher gross margin and decreased selling, general and administrative expenses, partially offset by the absence of a gain on sale of assets in the third quarter of 2017 and unfavorable foreign currency fluctuations (primarily in the Australian dollar and Canadian dollar). The increase in gross margin was primarily due to higher volumes, favorable mix and improved pricing, partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency fluctuations (primarily in the Australian dollar and Canadian dollar) and increased compensation expense. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to decreased variable compensation expense.

Distribution segment EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased $46 million versus the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to higher gross margin and lower selling, general and administrative expenses, partially offset by the absence of a gain on sale of assets in the third quarter of 2017 and unfavorable foreign currency fluctuations (primarily in the Australian dollar and Angolan kwanza). The increase in gross margin was primarily due to higher volumes and improved pricing, partially offset by increased compensation expense. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to decreased variable compensation expense, partially offset by increased consulting expense.

Components Segment Results

Financial data for the Components segment was as follows:



	Three months ended						Favorable/					Nine months ended						Favorable/
	September 30,			October 1,			(Unfavorable)					September 30,			October 1,			(Unfavorable)
In millions	2018			2017			Amount			Percent		2018			2017			Amount			Percent
External sales	$	1,297		$	1,139		$	158		14	%	$	4,012		$	3,183		$	829		26	%
Intersegment sales	457			394			63			16	%	1,382			1,148			234			20	%
Total sales	1,754			1,533			221			14	%	5,394			4,331			1,063			25	%
Research, development and engineering expenses	71			63			(8		)	(13	)%	195			171			(24		)	(14	)%
Equity, royalty and interest income from investees	12			12			—			—	%	42			40			2			5	%
Interest income	1			—			1			NM		4			1			3			NM
Segment EBITDA	288			259			29			11	%	752			703			49			7	%

							Percentage Points											Percentage Points
Segment EBITDA as a percentage of total sales	16.4		%	16.9		%				(0.5	)	13.9		%	16.2		%				(2.3	)

____________________________________

"NM" - not meaningful information

In the third quarter of 2017, we completed the Eaton Cummins Automated Transmission Technologies joint venture, which was consolidated and included in our Components segment as the automated transmissions business. See Note 14, "ACQUISITIONS", in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

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Sales for our Components segment by business were as follows:



	Three months ended				Favorable/				Nine months ended				Favorable/
	September 30,		October 1,		(Unfavorable)				September 30,		October 1,		(Unfavorable)
In millions	2018		2017		Amount		Percent		2018		2017		Amount		Percent
Emission solutions	$	769	$	696	$	73	10	%	$	2,385	$	1,986	$	399	20	%
Turbo technologies	317		297		20		7	%	1,012		891		121		14	%
Filtration	308		287		21		7	%	952		855		97		11	%
Electronics and fuel systems	210		184		26		14	%	637		530		107		20	%
Automated transmissions	150		69		81		NM		408		69		339		NM
Total sales	$	1,754	$	1,533	$	221	14	%	$	5,394	$	4,331	$	1,063	25	%

____________________________________

"NM" - not meaningful information

Sales

Components segment sales for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased $221 million, across all lines of business, versus the comparable period in 2017. The following were the primary drivers by business:


•	Automated transmissions, consolidated during the third quarter of 2017, delivered higher sales of $81 million in North America.


•	Emission solutions sales increased $73 million primarily due to stronger market demand for trucks in North America and Western Europe, partially offset by decreased demand in China.


•	Electronics and fuel systems sales increased $26 million primarily due to higher demand in North America.


•	Filtration sales increased $21 million primarily due to higher demand in North America.


•	Turbo technologies sales increased $20 million primarily due to higher demand in North America, partially offset by lower demand in China.

These increases were partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency fluctuations primarily in the Brazilian real, Indian rupee and Chinese renminbi.

Components segment sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased $1,063 million, across all lines of business, versus the comparable period in 2017. The following were the primary drivers by business:


•	Emission solutions sales increased $399 million primarily due to stronger market demand for trucks in North America and Western Europe, and increased sales of products to meet new emission standards in India.


•	Automated transmissions, consolidated during the third quarter of 2017, delivered higher sales of $339 million in North America.


•	Turbo technologies sales increased $121 million primarily due to higher demand in North America.


•	Electronics and fuel systems sales increased $107 million primarily due to higher demand in North America.


•	Filtration sales increased $97 million primarily due to higher demand in North America and Western Europe.


•	Foreign currency fluctuations favorably impacted sales primarily in the Euro and Chinese renminbi.

Segment EBITDA

Components segment EBITDA for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased $29 million versus the comparable period in 2017, as higher gross margin and decreased selling, general and administrative expenses were partially offset by increased research, development and engineering expenses. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to higher volumes, favorable mix and improved material costs, partially offset by increased compensation expense driven by the acquisition of the automated transmission business in the third quarter of 2017. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to lower variable compensation, partially offset by administrative expenses for the automated transmission business. The increase in research, development and engineering expenses was primarily due to higher compensation and administrative expenses due to the addition of the automated transmission business.

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Components segment EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased $49 million versus the comparable period in 2017, as higher gross margin was partially offset by increased research, development and engineering expenses and higher selling, general and administrative expenses. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to higher volumes, lower material costs and improved mix, partially offset by increased warranty costs (primarily $184 million for an Engine System Campaign) and higher compensation expense driven by the acquisition of the automated transmission business in the third quarter of 2017. See Note 10 PRODUCT WARRANTY LIABILITY to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Engine System Campaign.The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to higher administrative expenses for the automated transmission business. The increase in research, development and engineering expenses was primarily due to higher compensation and administrative expenses due to the addition of the automated transmission business and increased consulting expense, partially offset by lower variable compensation expense.

Power Systems Segment Results

Financial data for the Power Systems segment was as follows:



	Three months ended						Favorable/				Nine months ended						Favorable/
	September 30,			October 1,			(Unfavorable)				September 30,			October 1,			(Unfavorable)
In millions	2018			2017			Amount		Percent		2018			2017			Amount			Percent
External sales	$	636		$	615		$	21	3	%	$	1,922		$	1,717		$	205		12	%
Intersegment sales	471			441			30		7	%	1,505			1,238			267			22	%
Total sales	1,107			1,056			51		5	%	3,427			2,955			472			16	%
Research, development and engineering expenses	57			61			4		7	%	174			161			(13		)	(8	)%
Equity, royalty and interest income from investees	14			14			—		—	%	51			40			11			28	%
Interest income	1			1			—		—	%	5			2			3			NM
Segment EBITDA	163			111			52		47	%	491			286			205			72	%

							Percentage Points										Percentage Points
Segment EBITDA as a percentage of total sales	14.7		%	10.5		%			4.2		14.3		%	9.7		%				4.6

____________________________________

"NM" - not meaningful information

Sales for our Power Systems segment by product line were as follows:



	Three months ended				Favorable/					Nine months ended				Favorable/
	September 30,		October 1,		(Unfavorable)					September 30,		October 1,		(Unfavorable)
In millions	2018		2017		Amount			Percent		2018		2017		Amount		Percent
Power generation	$	636	$	580	$	56		10	%	$	1,873	$	1,676	$	197	12	%
Industrial	380		385		(5		)	(1	)%	1,277		1,013		264		26	%
Generator technologies	91		91		—			—	%	277		266		11		4	%
Total sales	$	1,107	$	1,056	$	51		5	%	$	3,427	$	2,955	$	472	16	%

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Sales

Power Systems segment sales for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased $51 million versus the comparable period in 2017. Power generation sales increased $56 million primarily due to higher demand in North America and the Middle East, partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency fluctuations primarily in the Indian rupee and Brazilian real.

Power Systems segment sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased $472 million versus the comparable period in 2017. The following were the primary drivers by product line:


•	Industrial sales increased $264 million primarily due to higher demand in global mining markets, especially in China, Eastern Europe and North America, and oil and gas markets in North America.


•	Power generation sales increased $197 million primarily due to higher demand in North America, Middle East and China.


•	Foreign currency fluctuations favorably impacted sales primarily in the British pound, Chinese renminbi and Euro, partially offset by the Indian rupee.

Segment EBITDA

Power Systems segment EBITDA for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased $52 million versus the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to higher gross margin, decreased selling, general and administrative expenses and lower research, development and engineering expenses. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to increased volumes and improved mix, partially offset by higher compensation expense driven by volume growth. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to lower variable compensation expense, partially offset by an increase in consulting expense. The decrease for research, development and engineering expenses was primarily due to lower variable compensation expense and lower consulting expense.

Power Systems segment EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased $205 million versus the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to higher gross margin and equity, royalty and interest income from investees, partially offset by increased research, development and engineering expenses and higher selling, general and administrative expenses. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to increased volumes, lower warranty and lower material costs, partially offset by higher compensation expense driven by volume growth. The increase for selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to higher consulting expense, partially offset by lower variable compensation expense. The increase for research, development and engineering expenses was primarily due to higher compensation expense and increased consulting expense. The increase in equity, royalty and interest income from investees was primarily due to higher earnings at Chongqing Cummins Engine Company, Ltd.

Electrified Power Segment Results

We formed the Electrified Power segment during the first quarter of 2018. The primary focus of the segment is on research and development activities around fully electric and hybrid powertrain solutions. Our intellectual property is developed both in house as well as through acquisitions. As of September 30, 2018, we completed three acquisitions, which provided us with battery systems intellectual property as well as start-up sales of $2 million and $5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. On August 15, 2018, we purchased Efficient Drivetrains, Inc., which designs and produces hybrid and fully-electric power solutions for commercial markets. See Note 14, "ACQUISITIONS," to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. We invested $22 million and $45 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, in research and development activities, which along with the gross margins generated by our acquisitions and selling, general and administrative expenses resulted in a segment EBITDA loss of $30 million and $61 million for three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.

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Reconciliation of Segment EBITDA to Net Income Attributable to Cummins Inc.

The table below reconciles the segment information to the corresponding amounts in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income:



	Three months ended				Nine months ended
In millions	September 30, 2018		October 1, 2017		September 30, 2018			October 1, 2017
TOTAL SEGMENT EBITDA	$	981	$	766	$	2,658		$	2,238
Intersegment elimination ⁽¹⁾	2		22		(78		)	19
TOTAL EBITDA	983		788		2,580			2,257
Less:
Interest expense	30		18		82			57
Depreciation and amortization ⁽²⁾	148		148		455			431
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES	805		622		2,043			1,769
Less: Income tax expense	107		165		466			466
CONSOLIDATED NET INCOME	698		457		1,577			1,303
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	6		4		15			30
NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO CUMMINS INC.	$	692	$	453	$	1,562		$	1,273

____________________________________

⁽¹⁾Includes intersegment sales, intersegment profit in inventory eliminations and unallocated corporate expenses. There were no significant unallocated corporate expenses for the years ended September 30, 2018 and October 1, 2017.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Key Working Capital and Balance Sheet Data

We fund our working capital with cash from operations and short-term borrowings, including commercial paper, when necessary. Various assets and liabilities, including short-term debt, can fluctuate significantly from month to month depending on short-term liquidity needs. As a result, working capital is a prime focus of management attention. Working capital and balance sheet measures are provided in the following table:



Dollars in millions	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Working capital ⁽¹⁾	$	3,447		$	3,251
Current ratio	1.54			1.57
Accounts and notes receivable, net	$	3,929		$	3,618
Days' sales in receivables	59			59
Inventories	$	3,831		$	3,166
Inventory turnover	4.8			5.0
Accounts payable (principally trade)	$	2,980		$	2,579
Days' payable outstanding	57			53
Total debt	$	2,465		$	2,006
Total debt as a percent of total capital	23.4		%	19.7		%

____________________________________

⁽¹⁾Working capital includes cash and cash equivalents.

Cash Flows

Cash and cash equivalents were impacted as follows:



	Nine months ended
In millions	September 30, 2018			October 1, 2017			Change
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	1,388		$	1,471		$	(83	)
Net cash used in investing activities	(519		)	(786		)	267
Net cash used in financing activities	(960		)	(600		)	(360		)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(56		)	85			(141		)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	$	(147	)	$	170		$	(317	)

Net cash provided by operating activities decreased $83 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, versus the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to higher working capital requirements of $279 million and lower deferred income taxes of $193 million, partially offset by higher earnings of $274 million and lower net pension contributions of $99 million. During the first nine months of 2018, the higher working capital requirements resulted in a cash outflow of $494 million compared to a cash outflow of $215 million in the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to higher inventory levels in 2018 to support business growth.

Net cash used in investing activities decreased $267 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, versus the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to the absence of the acquisition of Eaton Cummins Automated Transmission Technologies for $600 million in the third quarter of 2017, partially offset by higher net investments in marketable securities of $130 million, lower proceeds from the disposal of property, plant and equipment of $90 million and higher capital expenditures of $79 million.

Net cash used in financing activities increased $360 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, versus the comparable period in 2017, primarily due to higher repurchases of common stock of $488 million as the result of the ASR exercised in the third quarter of 2018, partially offset by higher borrowings of commercial paper of $200 million.

The effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, versus the comparable period in 2017, decreased $141 million primarily due to unfavorable fluctuations in the British pound of $101 million.

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Sources of Liquidity

We generate significant ongoing cash flow and cash provided by operations is our principal source of liquidity with $1.4 billion provided in the nine months ended September 30, 2018. At September 30, 2018, our sources of liquidity included:



	September 30, 2018
In millions	Total		U.S.		International		Primary location of international balances
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,222	$	445	$	777	U.K., Singapore, China, Mexico, Belgium, Australia, Canada
Marketable securities ⁽¹⁾	185		53		132		India
Total	$	1,407	$	498	$	909
Available credit capacity
Revolving credit facilities ⁽²⁾	$	2,700
International and other uncommitted domestic credit facilities	$	223

____________________________________

⁽¹⁾The majority of marketable securities could be liquidated into cash within a few days.

⁽²⁾The five-year credit facility for $2.0 billion and the 364-day credit facility for $1.5 billion, maturing August 2023 and August 2019, respectively, are maintained primarily to provide backup liquidity for our commercial paper borrowings and general corporate purposes. At September 30, 2018, we had $800 million of commercial paper outstanding, which effectively reduced the available capacity under our revolving credit facilities to $2.7 billion.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

A significant portion of our cash flow is generated outside the U.S. We manage our worldwide cash requirements considering available funds among the many subsidiaries through which we conduct our business and the cost effectiveness with which those funds can be accessed. As a result, we do not anticipate any local liquidity restrictions to preclude us from funding our operating needs with local resources.

Debt Facilities and Other Sources of Liquidity

On August 22, 2018, we entered into a new five-year revolving credit agreement with a syndicate of lenders. The new credit agreement provides us with a $2.0 billion senior unsecured revolving credit facility until August 22, 2023. The credit capacity can be can be increased by up to $1.0 billion prior to the maturity date. See Note 9, "DEBT," to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

On August 22, 2018, we entered into a new 364-day credit agreement that allows us to borrow up to $1.5 billion of additional unsecured funds at any time through August 22, 2019. The credit capacity can be increased by up to $500 million prior to the maturity date.

Both credit agreements include a financial covenant requiring that the leverage ratio of the total debt of the company and its subsidiaries to the consolidated total capital of the company and its subsidiaries may not exceed 0.65 to 1.0. At September 30, 2018, our leverage ratio was 0.20 to 1.0.

We intend to maintain credit facilities of a similar aggregate amount by renewing or replacing these facilities before expiration. These revolving credit facilities are maintained primarily to provide backup liquidity for our commercial paper borrowings and general corporate purposes.

As a well-known seasoned issuer, we filed an automatic shelf registration for an undetermined amount of debt and equity securities with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 16, 2016. Under this shelf registration we may offer, from time to time, debt securities, common stock, preferred and preference stock, depositary shares, warrants, stock purchase contracts and stock purchase units. Our current shelf is scheduled to expire in February 2019. We have begun the renewal process and plan to file a new automatic shelf registration statement in the first quarter of 2019.

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Uses of Cash

Stock Repurchases

In October 2018, our Board of Directors authorized the acquisition of up to $2 billion of additional common stock upon completion of the 2016 repurchase plan. In December 2016, our Board of Directors authorized the acquisition of up to $1 billion of additional common stock upon completion of the 2015 repurchase plan. For the years ended 2018, we made the following purchases under the 2015 and 2016 stock repurchase programs:



In millions, except per share amounts	Shares Purchased	Average Cost Per Share		Total Cost of Repurchases		Cash Paid for Shares Not Received		Remaining Authorized Capacity ⁽¹⁾
November 2015, $1 billion repurchase program
April 1	0.3	$	166.79	$	46	$	—	$	—

December 2016, $1 billion repurchase program
April 1	0.7	164.48		$	117			$	883
July 1	1.5	143.69		216				667
September 30	2.8	143.58		400		100		167
Subtotal	5.0	146.59		733		100

Total	5.3	$	147.65	$	779	$	100

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⁽¹⁾ The remaining authorized capacity under the 2016 plan was calculated based on the cost to purchase the shares but excludes commission expenses in accordance with the authorized plan.

We intend to repurchase outstanding shares from time to time during 2018 to enhance shareholder value and to offset the dilutive impact of employee stock based compensation plans.

Dividends

We paid dividends of $537 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Capital Expenditures

Capital expenditures, including spending on internal use software, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, were $416 million compared to $341 million in the comparable period in 2017. We continue to invest in new product lines and targeted capacity expansions. We plan to spend between $730 million and $760 million in 2018 on capital expenditures as we continue with product launches and facility improvements. Approximately 50 percent of our capital expenditures are expected to be invested outside of the U.S. in 2018.

Pensions

Our global pension plans, including our unfunded and non-qualified plans, were 116 percent funded at December 31, 2017. Our U.S. qualified plans, which represent approximately 55 percent of the worldwide pension obligation, were 131 percent funded and our U.K. plans were 118 percent funded. The funded status of our pension plans is dependent upon a variety of variables and assumptions including return on invested assets, market interest rates and levels of voluntary contributions to the plans. In the first nine months of 2018, the investment gain on our U.S. pension trust was 0.3 percent while our U.K. pension trust loss

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was 1.2 percent. Approximately 75 percent of our pension plan assets are held in highly liquid investments such as fixed income and equity securities. The remaining 25 percent of our plan assets are held in less liquid, but market valued investments, including real estate, private equity, venture capital, opportunistic credit and insurance contracts. We anticipate making additional defined benefit pension contributions during the remainder of 2018 of $10 million for our U.S. and U.K. pension plans. Approximately $14 million of the estimated $38 million of U.S. and U.K. pension contributions for the full year are voluntary. These contributions may be made from trusts or company funds either to increase pension assets or to make direct benefit payments to plan participants. We expect our 2018 net periodic pension cost to approximate $86 million.

Current Maturities of Short and Long-Term Debt

We had $800 million of commercial paper outstanding at September 30, 2018, that matures in less than one year. The maturity schedule of our existing long-term debt does not require significant cash outflows in the intermediate term. Required annual principal payments range from $7 million to $43 million over the next five years (including the remainder of 2018). See Note 9, "DEBT," to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Credit Ratings

Our ratings and outlook from each of the credit rating agencies as of the date of filing are shown in the table below.



	Long-Term	Short-Term
Credit Rating Agency ⁽¹⁾	Senior Debt Rating	Debt Rating	Outlook
Standard and Poor’s Rating Services	A+	A1	Stable
Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.	A2	P1	Stable

____________________________________

⁽¹⁾ Credit ratings are not recommendations to buy, are subject to change and each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating. In addition, we undertake no obligation to update disclosures concerning our credit ratings, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Management's Assessment of Liquidity

Our financial condition and liquidity remain strong. Our solid balance sheet and credit ratings enable us to have ready access to credit and the capital markets. We assess our liquidity in terms of our ability to generate adequate cash to fund our operating, investing and financing activities. We believe our operating cash flow and liquidity provide us with the financial flexibility needed to fund working capital, common stock repurchases, acquisitions, capital expenditures, dividend payments, projected pension obligations and debt service obligations. While we expect more efficient access to overseas earnings as a result of Tax Legislation, we will continue to generate cash from operations in the U.S. and maintain access to our revolving credit facility as noted above.

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APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

A summary of our significant accounting policies is included in Note 1, “SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES,” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2017 Form 10-K, which discusses accounting policies that we have selected from acceptable alternatives.

Our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles that often require management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions regarding uncertainties that affect the reported amounts presented and disclosed in the financial statements. Management reviews these estimates and assumptions based on historical experience, changes in business conditions and other relevant factors they believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. In any given reporting period, our actual results may differ from the estimates and assumptions used in preparing our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Critical accounting estimates are defined as follows: the estimate requires management to make assumptions about matters that were highly uncertain at the time the estimate was made; different estimates reasonably could have been used; or if changes in the estimate are reasonably likely to occur from period to period and the change would have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. Our senior management has discussed the development and selection of our accounting policies, related accounting estimates and the disclosures set forth below with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. Our critical accounting estimates disclosed in the Form 10-K address the estimation of liabilities for warranty programs, accounting for income taxes and pension benefits.

A discussion of our critical accounting estimates may be found in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis” section of our 2017 Form 10-K under the caption “APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES.” Within the context of these critical accounting estimates, we are not currently aware of any reasonably likely events or circumstances that would result in different policies or estimates being reported in the first nine months of 2018.

RECENTLY ADOPTED AND RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

See Note 16, "RECENTLY ADOPTED AND RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS," in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

A discussion of quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk may be found in Item 7A of our 2017 Form 10-K. There have been no material changes in this information since the filing of our 2017 Form 10-K.

ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e). Based upon that evaluation, our CEO and our CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and (2) accumulated and communicated to management, including our CEO and CFO, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2018, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings

We are subject to numerous lawsuits and claims arising out of the ordinary course of our business, including actions related to product liability; personal injury; the use and performance of our products; warranty matters; product recalls; patent, trademark or other intellectual property infringement; contractual liability; the conduct of our business; tax reporting in foreign jurisdictions; distributor termination; workplace safety; and environmental matters. We also have been identified as a potentially responsible party at multiple waste disposal sites under U.S. federal and related state environmental statutes and regulations and may have joint and several liability for any investigation and remediation costs incurred with respect to such sites. We have denied liability with respect to many of these lawsuits, claims and proceedings and are vigorously defending such lawsuits, claims and proceedings. We carry various forms of commercial, property and casualty, product liability and other forms of insurance; however, such insurance may not be applicable or adequate to cover the costs associated with a judgment against us with respect to these lawsuits, claims and proceedings. We do not believe that these lawsuits are material individually or in the aggregate. While we believe we have also established adequate accruals pursuant to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles for our expected future liability with respect to pending lawsuits, claims and proceedings, where the nature and extent of any such liability can be reasonably estimated based upon then presently available information, there can be no assurance that the final resolution of any existing or future lawsuits, claims or proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

In addition to other information set forth in this report, you should consider other risk factors discussed in Part I, "Item 1A. Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. The risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K or the "CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION" in this Quarterly report are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently judge to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or operating results.

ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

The following information is provided pursuant to Item 703 of Regulation S-K:



	Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased⁽¹⁾	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs⁽²⁾
July 2 - August 5	200	$	141.61	—	71,905
August 6 - September 2	2,785,903	143.58		2,785,903	80,561
September 3 - September 30	1,000	147.34		—	81,451
Total	2,787,103	143.58		2,785,903

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⁽¹⁾ Shares purchased represent shares under our Key Employee Stock Investment Plan established in 1969 (there is no maximum repurchase limitation in this plan) and our Board of Directors authorized share repurchase program.

⁽²⁾ These values reflect the sum of shares held in loan status under our Key Employee Stock Investment Plan. The repurchase program authorized by the Board of Directors does not limit the number of shares that may be purchased and were excluded from this column. The dollar value remaining available for future purchases under the 2016 program as of September 30, 2018, was $167 million.

In October 2018, our Board of Directors authorized the acquisition of up to $2 billion of additional common stock upon completion of the 2016 repurchase plan. In December 2016, our Board of Directors authorized the acquisition of up to $1 billion of additional common stock upon completion of the 2015 repurchase plan. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we repurchased $400 million of common stock under this authorization.

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we repurchased 1,200 shares from employees in connection with the Key Employee Stock Investment Plan which allows certain employees, other than officers, to purchase shares of common stock on

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an installment basis up to an established credit limit. Loans are issued for five-year terms at a fixed interest rate established at the date of purchase and may be refinanced after their initial five-year period for an additional five-year period. Participants must hold shares for a minimum of six months from date of purchase. If the shares are sold before the loan is paid off, the employee must wait six months before another share purchase may be made. We hold participants’ shares as security for the loans and would, in effect repurchase shares if the participant defaulted in repayment of the loan. There is no maximum amount of shares that we may purchase under this plan.

ITEM 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. Other Information

Not applicable.

ITEM 6. Exhibits

The exhibits listed in the following Exhibit Index are filed as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

CUMMINS INC.

EXHIBIT INDEX



Exhibit No.		Description of Exhibit
10.1		364-Day Credit Agreement, dated as of August 22, 2018, by and among Cummins Inc., the subsidiary borrowers referred to therein, the Lenders and Agents party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by Cummins Inc. with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 24, 2018 (File No. 001-04949)).
10.2		Credit Agreement, dated as of August 22, 2018, by and among Cummins Inc., the subsidiary borrowers referred to therein, the Lenders and Agents party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by Cummins Inc. with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 24, 2018 (File No. 001-04949)).
12		Calculation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges.
31(a)		Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31(b)		Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32		Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS		XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



Cummins Inc.
Date:	October 30, 2018

	By:	/s/ PATRICK J. WARD	By:	/s/ CHRISTOPHER C. CLULOW
		Patrick J. Ward		Christopher C. Clulow
		Vice President and Chief Financial Officer		Vice President-Corporate Controller
		(Principal Financial Officer)		(Principal Accounting Officer)